Water Quality Violations

Pained ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Michael D. Stein ◽  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
The University

This chapter focuses on water quality violations in America. Most Americans have access to safe drinking water. However, there are pockets of American communities that are afflicted with high levels of contaminated water. In 2015, almost 10% of Americans were drinking contaminated water that violated water quality standards. The chapter then evaluates research at the University of California, Irvine, which examined water quality violations across the United States from 1982 to 2015. Researchers analyzed geographic and temporal patterns, with the goal of helping state enforcement agencies focus their attention on areas at high risk of contamination. The researchers cite decreasing population size and incomes as common obstacles faced by rural populations trying to follow water purification standards. Indeed, rural towns often rely on outside funding and low-interest government loans to support infrastructure to correct water quality violations. However, as of June 2017, over $600 million in grant funding was cut from Environmental Protection Agency drinking water programs. Such cuts, coupled with attempted environmental deregulation, threaten the public’s health.

scholarly journals Assessing clarity of message communication for mandated USEPA drinking water quality reports

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Phetxumphou ◽  
Siddhartha Roy ◽  
Brenda M. Davy ◽  
Paul A. Estabrooks ◽  
Wen You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water System ◽  
System Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Index Index ◽  
State Of The Science

The United States Environmental Protection Agency mandates that community water systems (CWSs), or drinking water utilities, provide annual consumer confidence reports (CCRs) reporting on water quality, compliance with regulations, source water, and consumer education. While certain report formats are prescribed, there are no criteria ensuring that consumers understand messages in these reports. To assess clarity of message, trained raters evaluated a national sample of 30 CCRs using the Centers for Disease Control Clear Communication Index (Index) indices: (1) Main Message/Call to Action; (2) Language; (3) Information Design; (4) State of the Science; (5) Behavioral Recommendations; (6) Numbers; and (7) Risk. Communication materials are considered qualifying if they achieve a 90% Index score. Overall mean score across CCRs was 50 ± 14% and none scored 90% or higher. CCRs did not differ significantly by water system size. State of the Science (3 ± 15%) and Behavioral Recommendations (77 ± 36%) indices were the lowest and highest, respectively. Only 63% of CCRs explicitly stated if the water was safe to drink according to federal and state standards and regulations. None of the CCRs had passing Index scores, signaling that CWSs are not effectively communicating with their consumers; thus, the Index can serve as an evaluation tool for CCR effectiveness and a guide to improve water quality communications.

Development of communication networks and water quality early warning detection systems at drinking water utilities in the Ohio river valley basin

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
J.G. Schulte ◽  
A.H. Vicory
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
The United States ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Ohio River Valley

Source water quality is of major concern to all drinking water utilities. The accidental introduction of contaminants to their source water is a constant threat to utilities withdrawing water from navigable or industrialized rivers. The events of 11 September, 2001 in the United States have heightened concern for drinking water utility security as their source water and finished water may be targets for terrorist acts. Efforts are underway in several parts of the United States to strengthen early warning capabilities. This paper will focus on those efforts in the Ohio River Valley Basin.

Arsenic in drinking water-problems and solutions

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Viraraghavan ◽  
K. S. Subramanian ◽  
J. A. Aruldoss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Activated Alumina ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Maximum Contaminant Level ◽  
Aluminum Salts ◽  
Contaminant Level

The current United States maximum contaminant level for arsenic in drinking water is set at 50 μg/l. Because of the cancer risks involved, Canada has already lowered the maximum contaminant level to 25 μg/l; the United States Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing the current allowable level for arsenic with a view of lowering it significantly. Various treatment methods have been adopted to remove arsenic from drinking water. These methods include 1) adsorption-coprecipitation using iron and aluminum salts, 2) adsorption on activated alumina, activated carbon, and activated bauxite, 3) reverse osmosis, 4) ion exchange and 5) oxidation followed by filtration. Because of the promise of oxidation-filtration systems, column studies were conducted at the University of Regina to examine oxidation with KMnO4 followed by filtration using manganese greensand and iron-oxide coated sand to examine the removal of arsenic from drinking water; these results were compared with the data from ion exchange studies. These studies demonstrated that As (III) could be reduced from 200 μg/l to below 25 μg/l by the manganese greensand system. In the case of manganese greensand filtration, addition of iron in the ratio of 20:1 was found necessary to achieve this removal.

An Interregional Comparative Study of Headache Clinic Populations

Cephalalgia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Mendizabal ◽  
JF Rothrock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Headache Clinic ◽  
The University

We present a comparative study between headache clinic populations from 2 inherently different regions of the United States. Using standardized methods, 1 of us (JFR) prospectively evaluated 578 new patients attending the headache clinic at the University of California in San Diego. In a similar manner, we subsequently evaluated 115 new patients presenting to the headache clinic at the University of South Alabama in Mobile, Alabama. We found few differences between the 2 populations. These differences more likely reflect regional variations in healthcare delivery or methodologic artifact than intrinsic dissimilarities.

scholarly journals Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laili Fitria ◽  
Dhuhan Dhuhan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Moving Bed

Waste discharged into the environment (air and water) needs to meet the expectation of environmental quality standards. One method that has been widely studied and to be used in maintaining water quality is a combination of the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) method. With the Dimensions database, in the last ten years (2010-2020), it is known that there are 373 journals regarding MBBR for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, a bibliometric analysis was carried out with data from 2017 to 2020, using visualization from Vosviewer to determine the development of research on MBBR. Indonesia is in 10th place, contributing five articles on MBBR. Some other countries conducting the most research on MBBR include China, the United States, Iran, India, and Germany. The Journal that publishes the most research on MBBR is Bioresource Technology. The author who has done the most research on MBBR is Olav Vadstein, by the issuance of four articles. Meanwhile, the institutions that write the most research on MBBR are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Technical University of Denmark. Another combination of data-driven systematic literature review (SLR) is needed to complement the bibliometric analysis of the MBBR study for wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals SCN5A p.R965C in Brugada Syndrome: Effect of Nanomolecular Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 3498-3501
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Statistical Work

This study is based on an analysis of drinking water at Koya city, Kurdistan-Iraq. Since the source of tap water comes either from Dokan Lake or from groundwater resources. Therefore, ten samples from houses tab water of Koya city and ten samples from well-known brands of bottled water were collected. Concentrations of the metals in such water samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and compared with WHO water quality standards for minerals. The experimental results show that most elements detected in this study were within the guidelines given by WHO for drinking water, while four elements of Ca, Al, Mg, and Cr were identified as risky elements in developing diseases since their level exceed the WHO standard levels. Positive relationships between risky elements and some serious diseases were discussed. Statistical work shows that elements; Ca, Al, and Cr have a high risk while Mg has a low risk.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Studies of Groundwater In Industrial And Agricultural Area Of Gokul Shirgaon MIDC Region, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
Tejashri V. Patil
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Physical Chemical

Abstract: Groundwater is one of the earth’s most widely distributed and most important natural resources. Groundwater exists, wherever water penetrates beneath the surface. The rocks beneath the surface are permeable enough to transmit water, and at places, the rate of infiltration is so sufficient that the rocks are saturated to an appreciable thickness. This water may be fresh or brackish in quality. As the fresh water constitutes very little quantity of the total water available, we must think as to how best we can exploit it, and utilize it. With the growth of population, today in many of the places water has become a critical source. In many places it is dwindling both in quality and quantity, creating problems for the communities involved. Water Quality Index indicates the quality of drinking water by assessing physical, chemical and biological parameters of water. India had the most studies, with 177 articles, followed by China, Brazil and the United States. This four countries together published 57% of studies on WQI. Groundwater quality implies the level of concentration of different constituents of water which is ultimately described if it is suitable or not for drinking or other purpose such as irrigation. There are mainly three types of constituents or parameters for describing quality of groundwater as physiological, chemical and biological parameters. These parameters are described below: EC ,TDS, K, Na, Ca ,Mg ,TH, Co3, HCO3, Cl, SO4 ,and also we determine some trace element such as Copper (Cu) ,Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn) ,Nickel (Ni) ,Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn). Keywords: Gokul Shirgaon , Hydrogeochemical , GroundWater

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