Art Is Its Own Reward

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197513620.003.0023 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112-116

Author(s):

Simon Lacey ◽

K. Sathian

Keyword(s):

Ventral Striatum ◽

Response Times ◽

Effective Connectivity ◽

Aesthetic Value ◽

Aesthetic Preference ◽

Reward Circuitry ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

Art Infusion ◽

Reward Circuit

The “art infusion effect” suggests that people evaluate products more positively when they are associated with art images than non-art images. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during viewing of art and non-art images matched for content, the authors investigated whether artistic status alone could activate the reward circuit. Relative to non-art images, art images indeed activated reward-related regions including the ventral striatum. This activity was uncorrelated with response times, ratings of familiarity, or aesthetic preference for art images, suggesting that these variables were unrelated to the art-selective activations. Effective connectivity analyses showed that the ventral striatum was driven by visual cortical regions when viewing art images but not non-art images and was not driven by regions that correlated with aesthetic preference for either art or non-art images. These findings suggest that visual art involves activation of reward circuitry based on artistic status alone and independently of its aesthetic value.

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Meta-analysis of reward processing in major depressive disorder reveals distinct abnormalities within the reward circuit

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-019-0644-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Tommy H. Ng ◽

Lauren B. Alloy ◽

David V. Smith

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Ventral Striatum ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Reward Processing ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Reward Circuitry ◽

The Common ◽

Empirical Foundation ◽

Reward Circuit

Abstract Many neuroimaging studies have investigated reward processing dysfunction in major depressive disorder. These studies have led to the common idea that major depressive disorder is associated with blunted responses within the reward circuit, particularly in the ventral striatum. Yet, the link between major depressive disorder and reward-related responses in other regions remains inconclusive, thus limiting our understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. To address this issue, we performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 41 whole-brain neuroimaging studies encompassing reward-related responses from a total of 794 patients with major depressive disorder and 803 healthy controls. Our findings argue against the common idea that major depressive disorder is primarily linked to deficits within the reward system. Instead, our results demonstrate that major depressive disorder is associated with opposing abnormalities in the reward circuit: hypo-responses in the ventral striatum and hyper-responses in the orbitofrontal cortex. The current findings suggest that dysregulated corticostriatal connectivity may underlie reward-processing abnormalities in major depressive disorder, providing an empirical foundation for a more refined understanding of abnormalities in the reward circuitry in major depressive disorder.

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Meta-analysis of Reward Processing in Major Depressive Disorder Reveals Distinct Abnormalities within the Reward Circuit

10.1101/332981 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tommy H. Ng ◽

Lauren B. Alloy ◽

David V. Smith

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Ventral Striatum ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Reward Processing ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Reward Circuitry ◽

The Common ◽

Empirical Foundation ◽

Reward Circuit

AbstractMany neuroimaging studies have investigated reward processing dysfunction in major depressive disorder. These studies have led to the common idea that major depressive disorder is associated with blunted responses within the reward circuit, particularly in the ventral striatum. Yet, the link between major depressive disorder and reward-related responses in other regions remains inconclusive, thus limiting our understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. To address this issue, we performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 41 whole-brain neuroimaging studies encompassing reward-related responses from a total of 794 patients with major depressive disorder and 803 healthy controls. Our findings argue against the common idea that major depressive disorder is primarily linked to deficits within the reward system. Instead, our results demonstrate that major depressive disorder is associated with opposing abnormalities in the reward circuit: hypo-responses in the ventral striatum and hyper-responses in the orbitofrontal cortex. The current findings suggest that dysregulated corticostriatal connectivity may underlie reward-processing abnormalities in major depressive disorder, providing an empirical foundation for a more refined understanding of abnormalities in the reward circuitry in major depressive disorder.

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The Role of Primate Prefrontal Cortex in Bias and Shift Between Visual Dimensions

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhz072 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 85-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Farshad A Mansouri ◽

Mark J Buckley ◽

Daniel J Fehring ◽

Keiji Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Top Down ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Prefrontal Cortical ◽

Frontopolar Cortex ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

Visual Cortical ◽

Bilateral Lesions

Abstract Imaging and neural activity recording studies have shown activation in the primate prefrontal cortex when shifting attention between visual dimensions is necessary to achieve goals. A fundamental unanswered question is whether representations of these dimensions emerge from top-down attentional processes mediated by prefrontal regions or from bottom-up processes within visual cortical regions. We hypothesized a causative link between prefrontal cortical regions and dimension-based behavior. In large cohorts of humans and macaque monkeys, performing the same attention shifting task, we found that both species successfully shifted between visual dimensions, but both species also showed a significant behavioral advantage/bias to a particular dimension; however, these biases were in opposite directions in humans (bias to color) versus monkeys (bias to shape). Monkeys’ bias remained after selective bilateral lesions within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), frontopolar cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), or superior, lateral prefrontal cortex. However, lesions within certain regions (ACC, DLPFC, or OFC) impaired monkeys’ ability to shift between these dimensions. We conclude that goal-directed processing of a particular dimension for the executive control of behavior depends on the integrity of prefrontal cortex; however, representation of competing dimensions and bias toward them does not depend on top-down prefrontal-mediated processes.

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Frequency dependence and gender effects in visual cortical regions involved in temporal frequency dependent pattern processing

Human Brain Mapping ◽

10.1002/hbm.1039 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 28-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Christian Kaufmann ◽

Gregor-Konstantin Elbel ◽

Christoff Gössl ◽

Benno Pütz ◽

Dorothee P. Auer

Keyword(s):

Frequency Dependence ◽

Temporal Frequency ◽

Gender Effects ◽

Frequency Dependent ◽

Pattern Processing ◽

And Gender ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

Visual Cortical

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Individual Differences in Mental Imagery Modulate Effective Connectivity of Scene-Selective Regions During Resting State

10.21203/rs.3.rs-887061/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Giulia Tullo ◽

Hannes Almgren ◽

Frederik Van de Steen ◽

Valentina Sulpizio ◽

Daniele Marinazzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Resting State ◽

Effective Connectivity ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Intrinsic Activity ◽

Inhibitory Influence ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

Intrinsic Fluctuation

Abstract Successful navigation relies on the ability to identify, perceive, and correctly process the spatial structure of a scene. It is well known that visual mental imagery plays a crucial role in navigation. Indeed, cortical regions encoding navigationally relevant information are also active during mental imagery of navigational scenes. However, it remains unknown whether their intrinsic activity and connectivity reflect the individuals’ ability to imagine a scene. Here, we primarily investigated the intrinsic causal interactions among scene-selective brain regions such as Parahipoccampal Place Area (PPA), Retrosplenial Complex (RSC), and Occipital Place Area (OPA) using Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) for resting-state functional magnetic resonance (rs-fMRI) data. Second, we tested whether resting-state effective connectivity parameters among scene-selective regions could reflect individual differences in mental imagery in our sample, as assessed by the self-reported Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). We found an inhibitory influence of occipito-medial on temporal regions, and an excitatory influence of more anterior on more medial and posterior brain regions. Moreover, we found that a key role in imagery is played by the connection strength from OPA to PPA, especially in the left hemisphere, since the influence of the signal between these scene-selective regions positively correlated with good mental imagery ability. Our investigation contributes to the understanding of the complexity of the causal interaction among brain regions involved in navigation and provides new insight in understanding how an essential ability, such as mental imagery, can be explained by the intrinsic fluctuation of brain signal.

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Effective connectivity changes in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness in humans

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1815129116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (7) ◽

pp. 2743-2748 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Katrin H. Preller ◽

Adeel Razi ◽

Peter Zeidman ◽

Philipp Stämpfli ◽

Karl J. Friston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ventral Striatum ◽

Effective Connectivity ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Receptor Activation ◽

Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Causal Modeling ◽

Acute Administration ◽

Serotonin 2A Receptor ◽

Posterior Cingulate ◽

Serotonin 2A

Psychedelics exert unique effects on human consciousness. The thalamic filter model suggests that core effects of psychedelics may result from gating deficits, based on a disintegration of information processing within cortico–striato–thalamo-cortical (CSTC) feedback loops. To test this hypothesis, we characterized changes in directed (effective) connectivity between selected CTSC regions after acute administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and after pretreatment with Ketanserin (a selective serotonin 2A receptor antagonist) plus LSD in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 25 healthy participants. We used spectral dynamic causal modeling (DCM) for resting-state fMRI data. Fully connected DCM models were specified for each treatment condition to investigate the connectivity between the following areas: thalamus, ventral striatum, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporal cortex. Our results confirm major predictions proposed in the CSTC model and provide evidence that LSD alters effective connectivity within CSTC pathways that have been implicated in the gating of sensory and sensorimotor information to the cortex. In particular, LSD increased effective connectivity from the thalamus to the posterior cingulate cortex in a way that depended on serotonin 2A receptor activation, and decreased effective connectivity from the ventral striatum to the thalamus independently of serotonin 2A receptor activation. Together, these results advance our mechanistic understanding of the action of psychedelics in health and disease. This is important for the development of new pharmacological therapeutics and also increases our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the potential clinical efficacy of psychedelics.

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Assessment of Effective Connectivity among Cortical Regions based on a Neural Mass Model

2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ◽

10.1109/iembs.2006.259896 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Zavaglia ◽

L. Astolfi ◽

F. Babiloni ◽

M. Ursino

Keyword(s):

Effective Connectivity ◽

Neural Mass Model ◽

Mass Model ◽

Neural Mass ◽

Cortical Regions

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Object-Selective Cortex Exhibits Performance-Independent Repetition Suppression

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00500.2005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 995-1007 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Rory Sayres ◽

Kalanit Grill-Spector

Keyword(s):

Response Time ◽

Response Times ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Stimulus Presentation ◽

Repetition Suppression ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Bold Responses ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

Time Required

Object-selective cortical regions exhibit a decreased response when an object stimulus is repeated [repetition suppression (RS)]. RS is often associated with priming: reduced response times and increased accuracy for repeated stimuli. It is unknown whether RS reflects stimulus-specific repetition, the associated changes in response time, or the combination of the two. To address this question, we performed a rapid event-related functional MRI (fMRI) study in which we measured BOLD signal in object-selective cortex, as well as object recognition performance, while we manipulated stimulus repetition. Our design allowed us to examine separately the roles of response time and repetition in explaining RS. We found that repetition played a robust role in explaining RS: repeated trials produced weaker BOLD responses than nonrepeated trials, even when comparing trials with matched response times. In contrast, response time played a weak role in explaining RS when repetition was controlled for: it explained BOLD responses only for one region of interest (ROI) and one experimental condition. Thus repetition suppression seems to be mostly driven by repetition rather than performance changes. We further examined whether RS reflects processes occurring at the same time as recognition or after recognition by manipulating stimulus presentation duration. In one experiment, durations were longer than required for recognition (2 s), whereas in a second experiment, durations were close to the minimum time required for recognition (85–101 ms). We found significant RS for brief presentations (albeit with a reduced magnitude), which again persisted when controlling for performance. This suggests a substantial amount of RS occurs during recognition.

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