What Can We Learn About Art from People with Neurological Disease?

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Neurological Illnesses ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
Source Of Information

Investigation of people with neurological illnesses has been a central approach to understanding the neurobiology of cognitive systems like language, attention, emotions, and decision-making. Yet such lesion studies had not been applied to neuroaesthetics. In the article under discussion, the author reviewed the extant literature and found that artists were not spared the kind of visual-spatial deficits that others experience from brain damage. Rather, in their artwork, they gave eloquent expression of the nature of their deficits. The author was particularly interested in the paradoxical enhancement of some artists whose work seemed to get better following brain injury, and developed a scale, the Assessment of Art Attributes, by which to assess change in artistic style and content. Neuropsychological studies remain a relatively untapped source of information in probing the biology of aesthetic experiences and artistic production.

scholarly journals Public Interest in Neurological Diseases on Wikipedia during Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Stela Rutovic ◽  
Ana Isabel Fumagalli ◽  
Inna Lutsenko ◽  
Francesco Corea
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Information Distribution ◽  
Research Discipline ◽  
Online Encyclopedia ◽  
Source Of Information

Infodemiology is a research discipline that investigates parameters of information distribution in order to support public health and public policy. Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia, is commonly used as a source of information for infodemiological studies. Using Pageviews analysis, we descriptively assessed the total monthly number of views of the Wikipedia articles in English describing main neurological diseases in the period from January 2018 to July 2020. Our results show a general trend of a decrease in interest in neurological disease-related pages throughout years and especially during the burst of interest towards coronavirus. The monitoring of infodemiological indicators shall be prioritized to reshape global campaigns and tailored advocacy programs.

Aphasic Binary Reversals in Patients With Neurological Disease as a Barrier to Clinical Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Sivasathiaseelan ◽  
Charles R. Marshall ◽  
Chris J. D. Hardy ◽  
Nick C. Fox ◽  
Jason D. Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision

An Early Framework for a Cognitive Neuroscience of Visual Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Visual Aesthetics ◽  
The Rich

In the early 2000s, no framework within which to investigate the biology of aesthetics had been articulated. The author believes that a componential framework, as was common in cognitive psychology, applied to neuroaesthetics made sense. Such frameworks were commonly applied to complex cognitive domains, such as in language, emotion processing, or visual processing research. As such, the author proposes a “box and arrow” model which incorporated levels of visual processing, emotions, attention, and decision-making. The advantage of such a framework is that specific experiments could be placed in the context of testing hypotheses of parts of a larger system deployed for aesthetic processing. The framework has held up well over the years, although the author believes he did not sufficiently emphasize the role of the motor system and the rich contribution of semantics in aesthetic experiences.

Artists and War Art

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret George ◽  
Victoria Young
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Art Of War ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Visual Record ◽  
War Art

A war artist is one who captures the subject of war in some type of artistic form. Since the beginning of time, artists have recorded scenes of war as a visual record of a culture’s existence and tribulations. Images of battles, ship portraits, leaders, and soldiers made up the bulk of war images until the late 19th century. The creators of the majority of these works are unknown, but when the entire world first went to war in 1914, nations hired official war artists to depict the action, including warplanes, tanks, and other newly developed technologies, among other aspects, as subject matter. These artists were mostly men, who were on the front lines sketching, painting, and photographing the action, collecting the visuals of war that they might then collate into an official work for a nation. As the 20th century progressed into our current era, images became immediately accessible on television and film, in news reports, and in live streams, as reporters embedded themselves with soldiers. Official war artists still exist in several nations, as do official collections of artwork created by them. We also have vibrant unofficial images of war produced by soldiers and prisoners for their own purposes, or by people protesting war itself. In compiling this bibliography, we sought to convey the breadth of war art mainly in 2-D media in chronology, type, artistic style, and maker, including voices of artists whenever possible. We also considered how artists from differing sides in battle impact each other’s artistic production. Being an artist who depicts war is a challenge. How do you convey honor and brutality, tradition and modernity, glory and defeat? How do you watch devastation around you and provide witness as you record the intensity and sadness of death? Combat artists of a particular country create art that reveals their experience of war. Is it personal? Or should it only be a documentary? The complexities found in creating the art of war are many, yet without these works there are centuries of battle we would not understand from social, political, or technological viewpoints.

scholarly journals From WOM to aWOM – the evolution of unpaid influence: a perspective article

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel L. Williams ◽  
Nicole Ferdinand ◽  
John Bustard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dominant Source ◽  
Source Of Information

Purpose Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) natural language processing may see the emergence of algorithmic word of mouth (aWOM), content created and shared by automated tools. As AI tools improve, aWOM will increase in volume and sophistication, displacing eWOM as an influence on customer decision-making. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the socio technological trends that have encouraged the evolution of informal infulence strategies from WOM to aWOM. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the origins and path of development of influential customer communications from word of mouth (WOM) to electronic word of mouth (eWOM) and the emerging trend of aWOM. The growth of aWOM is theorized as a result of new developments in AI natural language processing tools along with autonomous distribution systems in the form of software robots and virtual assistants. Findings aWOM may become a dominant source of information for tourists, as it can support multimodal delivery of useful contextual information. Individuals, organizations and social media platforms will have to ensure that aWOM is developed and deployed responsibly and ethically. Practical implications aWOM may emerge as the dominant source of information for tourist decision-making, displacing WOM or eWOM. aWOM may also impact online opinion leaders, as they may be challenged by algorithmically generated content. aWOM tools may also generate content using sensors on personal devices, creating privacy and information security concerns if users did not give permission for such activities. Originality/value This paper is the first to theorize the emergence of aWOM as autonomous AI communication within the framework of unpaid influence or WOM. As customer engagement will increasingly occur in algorithmic environments that comprise person–machine interactions, aWOM will influence future tourism research and practice.

Vertrauen in das Controlling als Informationsquelle und Framing von Informationen in Situationen eskalierender Commitments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Sautter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Management Accountant ◽  
Management Accountants ◽  
Source Of Information

Providing decision makers with information is one of the key tasks of management accountants. Both trust in a management accountant as a source of information and the framing of information may have an impact on decision-making. In this study, these two aspects are examined experimentally. The insights it gains may help to improve the effectiveness of reporting in decision-making situations.

Entering a Clinical Trial: Is It Right For You?–A randomized study of the Clinical Trials Video and its impact on the informed consent process

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9072-9072
Author(s):  
S. Hitchcock-Bryan ◽  
B. Hoffner ◽  
S. Joffe ◽  
M. Powell ◽  
C. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Informed Consent Process ◽  
Consent Process ◽  
Provider Communication ◽  
Patient Provider Communication ◽  
Source Of Information

9072 Background: In an effort to improve the informed consent process for subjects considering participation in a clinical trial, we created an educational video: “Entering a Clinical Trial: Is it Right for You?” In this randomized study, we assessed the effect of the video on patients’ understanding and perceptions of clinical trials. We also assessed patient satisfaction with the video and how the video impacted decision-making and patient-provider communication. Methods: We recruited 90 adults considering cancer clinical trials of whom 77 participated. After discussing the trial with the physician and reading the trial consent form, patients were randomized to receive (n=38) or not receive (n=39) the study video. Using a validated questionnaire, we interviewed subjects to assess objective understanding of the trial, our primary endpoint, and self-reported understanding of clinical trials. All subjects completed a second interview assessing secondary endpoints, including patient-provider communication, satisfaction with video, and decision-making. We used linear regression (two-sided tests) to conduct the primary analysis and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and descriptive statistics to analyze the secondary aims. Results: Neither objective nor self-reported understanding of clinical trials differed between the two groups (Mean 86.5 vs. 87, p=0.75). 85% (61/72) indicated the video was an important source of information about clinical trials; 89% of those who watched the video with their family/friends (n=37) said the video helped loved ones better understand clinical trials; 73% indicated it helped their family accept their decision about participation. 81% (58/72) felt better prepared to discuss the trial with their physician after watching the video. Of those who found the video helpful with decision- making, 80% (21/26) were considering a trial for the first time compared with 19% (5/26) veterans who had previously participated in a clinical trial. Conclusions: The video did not measurably improve subjects’ understanding of their clinical trials. However, subjects reported that the video was an important source of information, helped them educate their families, and enhanced patient-provider communication. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Partially dissociable roles of OFC and ACC in stimulus-guided and action-guided decision making

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1717-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Khani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
The Brain

Recently, the functional specialization of prefrontal areas of the brain, and, specifically, the functional dissociation of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), during decision making have become a particular focus of research. A number of neuropsychological and lesion studies have shown that the OFC and ACC have dissociable functions in various dimensions of decision making, which are supported by their different anatomical connections. A recent single-neuron study, however, described a more complex picture of the functional dissociation between these two frontal regions during decision making. Here, I discuss the results of that study and consider alternative interpretations in connection with other findings.

scholarly journals Confidence Predictions Affect Performance Confidence and Neural Preparation in Perceptual Decision Making.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marike Schiffer ◽  
Annika Boldt ◽  
Florian Waszak ◽  
Nick Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Preparation And Evaluation ◽  
Confidence Estimate

The decisions we make are usually accompanied by a feeling of being wrong or right – a confidence estimate regarding the correctness of our decisions. The questions which information this confidence estimate is based on, and what confidence is used for, have increasingly become a focus of research into decision-making. This research has largely focused on confidence regarding current or past decisions, and successfully identified for example how characteristics of the stimulus affect confidence, and how communicating confidence can affect group decisions. Here, we report two studies which implemented a color-discrimination task which introduced a novel metacognitive measure: predictions of confidence for future perceptual decisions. Using behavioral measures, computational modeling, and EEG, we tested the hypothesis that experience-based confidence predictions are one source of information which affects how confident we are in future decision-making and that one key purpose of confidence is to prepare future encounters of a task. Results from both studies show that participants develop precise confidence predictions informed by confidence experienced in past trials. Notably, our results show a bi-directional link between predicted and experienced (performance) confidence: confidence predictions are not only informed by, but can also modulate performance confidence; this finding supports our recent proposal that confidence judgments are based on multiple sources of information, including expectations. We found further support for this bi-directional link in neural correlates of stimulus-preparation and processing. EEG measures of preparatory neural activity (contingent negative variation; CNV) and evidence accumulation (centro-parietal positivity; CPP) show that predicted confidence affects neural preparation for stimulus processing, supporting the proposal that one purpose of confidence judgments may be to learn about performance for future encounters and prepare accordingly.Taken together, our results suggest that confidence integrates information from various sources, and affects neural processing profoundly. The bi-directional link between performance confidence and predicted confidence suggests that confidence signals are exploited to increase precision in preparation and evaluation of future decisions.

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