Blind Brains and Moral Machines: Neuroscience and Autonomous Weapon Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-216
Author(s):  
Nicholas G. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Moral Machines ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Primary Attraction ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Second Category ◽  
And Control

While the majority of neuroscience research promises novel therapies for treating dementia and post-traumatic stress disorder, among others, a lesser-known branch of neuroscientific research informs the construction of artificial intelligence inspired by human neurophysiology. For those concerned with the normative implications of autonomous weapons systems (AWS), however, a tension arises between the primary attraction of AWS, their theoretic capacity to make better decisions in armed conflict, and the relatively low-hanging fruit of modeling machine intelligence on the very thing that causes humans to make (relatively) bad decisions—the human brain. This chapter examines human cognition as a model for machine intelligence, and some of its implications for AWS development. It first outlines recent neuroscience developments as drivers for advances in artificial intelligence. This chapter then expands on a key distinction for the ethics of AWS: poor normative decisions that are a function of poor judgments given a certain set of inputs, and poor normative decisions that are a function of poor sets of inputs. It argues that given that there are cases in the second category of decisions in which we judge humans to have acted wrongly, we should likewise judge AWS platforms. Further, while an AWS may in principle outperform humans in the former, it is an open question of design whether they can outperform humans in the latter. Finally, this chapter then discusses what this means for the design and control of, and ultimately liability for AWS behavior, and sources of inspiration for the alternate design of AWS platforms.

scholarly journals Reports on the 2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series

AI Magazine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Christopher Amato ◽  
Haitham Bou Ammar ◽  
Elizabeth Churchill ◽  
Erez Karpas ◽  
Takashi Kido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Internet Of Everything ◽  
Symposium Series ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
And Control

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, in cooperation with Stanford University’s Department of Computer Science, presented the 2018 Spring Symposium Series, held Monday through Wednesday, March 26–28, 2018, on the campus of Stanford University. The seven symposia held were AI and Society: Ethics, Safety and Trustworthiness in Intelligent Agents; Artificial Intelligence for the Internet of Everything; Beyond Machine Intelligence: Understanding Cognitive Bias and Humanity for Well-Being AI; Data Efficient Reinforcement Learning; The Design of the User Experience for Artificial Intelligence (the UX of AI); Integrated Representation, Reasoning, and Learning in Robotics; Learning, Inference, and Control of Multi-Agent Systems. This report, compiled from organizers of the symposia, summarizes the research of five of the symposia that took place.

scholarly journals Chances and Risks of Artificial Intelligence—A Concept of Developing and Exploiting Machine Intelligence for Future Societies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Reinhard Hutter ◽  
Marcus Hutter
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Boon or Bane for societies? AI technologies and solutions—as most revolutionary technologies have done in the past—offer negative implications on the one hand and considerable positive potential on the other. Avoiding the former and fostering the latter will require substantial investments in future societal concepts, research and development, and control of AI-based solutions in AI security while avoiding abuse. Preparation for the future role of AI in societies should strive towards the implementation of related methods and tools for risk management, models of complementary human–machine cooperation, strategies for the optimization of production and administration, and innovative concepts for the distribution of the economic value created. Two extreme possible “end states” of AI impact (if there is ever an end state) that are being discussed at present may manifest as (a) uncontrolled substitution by AI of major aspects of production, services, and administrative and decision-making processes, leading to unprecedented risks such as high unemployment, and devaluation and the underpayment of people in paid work, resulting in inequality in the distribution of wealth and employment, diminishing social peace, social cohesion, solidarity, security, etc., or, on the contrary, (b) the freeing of people from routine labor through increased automation in production, administration and services, and changing the constitution of politics and societies into constituencies with high ethical standards, personal self-determination, and the general dominance of humane principles, as opposed to pure materialism. Any mix of these two extremes could develop, and these combinations may vary among different societies and political systems.

scholarly journals BEHAVIOR PREDICTION FOR DECISION AND CONTROL IN COGNITIVE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

2013 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASOK RAY ◽  
SHASHI PHOHA ◽  
SOUMIK SARKAR
Keyword(s):  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Quantum Probability ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Behavior Prediction ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
And Control ◽  
Innovative Concept

This paper presents an innovative concept of behavior prediction for decision and control in cognitive autonomous systems. The objective is to coordinate human–machine collaboration such that human operators can assess and enable autonomous systems to utilize their experiential and unmodeled domain knowledge and perception for mission execution. The concept of quantum probability is proposed to construct a unified mathematical framework for interfacing between models of human cognition and machine intelligence.

Examining perceptions of stress, wellbeing and fear among Hungarian adolescents and their parents under lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor Csikos ◽  
Krisztina Dr Törő ◽  
Judit Mokos ◽  
Sandor Rozsa ◽  
Hadházi Éva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Wellbeing Index ◽  
The Family ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Open Question

Intensified anxiety responses and even symptoms of post-traumatic stress are commonly observed under quarantine conditions. In this study, the effects on fear, anxiety and wellbeing of the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 were investigated in a sample of otherwise healthy Hungarians. Taking the family as a microsystem, differences in gender, age, family relationships and time spent in isolation were the main focus of this investigation. 346 parent-child dyads were examined; the children were 11-17 years of age. Standard psychological questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale, WHO Wellbeing Index), and an open question test (the Metamorphosis test) were used, and the results analysed with the aid of basic statistical methods. Stress levels and wellbeing displayed a significant negative correlation with each other in both parents and children. Parental stress and levels of wellbeing had a weak but significant impact on the wellbeing of their children. Among the demographic variables examined, none of them was found to explain the wellbeing or stress level of parents. Natural catastrophes, such as pandemics, create a stressful social environment for parents, and therefore directly impact the psychological wellbeing of all family members.

Work and Technological Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Barley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Energy Transformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Work And Organizations ◽  
Role Based ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Work And Employment

The four chapters of this book summarize the results of thirty-five years dedicated to studying how technologies change work and organizations. The first chapter places current developments in artificial intelligence into the historical context of previous technological revolutions by drawing on William Faunce’s argument that the history of technology is one of progressive automation of the four components of any production system: energy, transformation, and transfer and control technologies. The second chapter lays out a role-based theory of how technologies occasion changes in organizations. The third chapter tackles the issue of how to conceptualize a more thorough approach to assessing how intelligent technologies, such as artificial intelligence, can shape work and employment. The fourth chapter discusses what has been learned over the years about the fears that arise when one sets out to study technical work and technical workers and methods for controlling those fears.

The Future of Human Workers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. Joshi ◽  
J.R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Global Workforce ◽  
Repetitive Tasks ◽  
The Internet Of Things

New technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics, machine intelligence, and the Internet of Things are seeing repetitive tasks move away from humans to machines. Humans cannot become machines, but machines can become more human-like. The traditional model of educating workers for the workforce is fast becoming irrelevant. There is a massive need for the retooling of human workers. Humans need to be trained to remain focused in a society which is constantly getting bombarded with information. The two basic elements of physical and mental capacity are slowly being taken over by machines and artificial intelligence. This changes the fundamental role of the global workforce.

The Future of Work and the Changing Workplace

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. Joshi ◽  
J.R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Digital Innovation ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
The Future ◽  
Market Opportunities

The world of work has been impacted by technology. Work is different than it was in the past due to digital innovation. Labor market opportunities are becoming polarized between high-end and low-end skilled jobs. Migration and its effects on employment have become a sensitive political issue. From Buffalo to Beijing public debates are raging about the future of work. Developments like artificial intelligence and machine intelligence are contributing to productivity, efficiency, safety, and convenience but are also having an impact on jobs, skills, wages, and the nature of work. The “undiscovered country” of the workplace today is the combination of the changing landscape of work itself and the availability of ill-fitting tools, platforms, and knowledge to train for the requirements, skills, and structure of this new age.

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