Expressing and Interpreting

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-137
Author(s):  
Robert H. Woody
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Musical Expression ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Musical Communication

Proclamations of the great emotional power of music are etched deep into artistic culture. During great performances, the emotions seem to flow directly from the hearts of musicians. Listeners are not, of course, privy to the hours of work and shaping that performers can devote in preparation. Research has shown that expressive musicians craft the details of sound parameters—timing, loudness, timbre, pitch—to make their music sound alive and human. This chapter shares insights afforded by psychological research on musical expression that can directly assist performing musicians. It explains that the expressive features applied by performers originate from several basic sources related to the structural characteristics of the music they are performing and to their own humanness. The artistic enterprise of interpretation is explained as the selection and combination of expressive ideas applied across an entire piece of music. Musical communication is successfully accomplished when performers—usually through explicit planning and artistic decision-making—stimulate listeners to experience emotions or feelings that match the musicians’ intentions.

Psychology and the New Private Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
Tess Wilkinson-Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Decision ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Normative Models

This chapter presents a framework for understanding the most promising contributions of psychological methods and insights for private law. It focuses on two related domains of psychological research: cognitive and social psychology. Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, which one might shorthand as “thinking.” Social psychology asks about the role of other people—actual, implied, or imagined—on mental states and human behavior. The chapter is oriented around five core psychological insights: calculation, motivation, emotion, social influence, and moral values. Legal scholarship by turns tries to explain legal decision-making, tries to calibrate incentives, and tries to justify its values and its means. Psychology speaks to these descriptive, prescriptive, and normative models of decision-making. The chapter then argues that psychological analysis of legal decision-making challenges the work that the idea of choice and preference is doing in private law, especially in the wake of the law and economics movement.

scholarly journals White matter tracts characteristics in habitual decision-making circuit underlie ritual behaviors in anorexia nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Tadayonnejad ◽  
Fabrizio Pizzagalli ◽  
Stuart B. Murray ◽  
Wolfgang M. Pauli ◽  
Geena Conde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
White Matter Tracts ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Brain Behavior

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a difficult to treat, pernicious psychiatric disorder that has been linked to decision-making abnormalities. We examined the structural characteristics of habitual and goal-directed decision-making circuits and their connecting white matter tracts in 32 AN and 43 healthy controls across two independent data sets of adults and adolescents as an explanatory sub-study. Total bilateral premotor/supplementary motor area-putamen tracts in the habit circuit had a significantly higher volume in adults with AN, relative to controls. Positive correlations were found between both the number of tracts and white matter volume (WMV) in the habit circuit, and the severity of ritualistic/compulsive behaviors in adults and adolescents with AN. Moreover, we found a significant influence of the habit circuit WMV on AN ritualistic/compulsive symptom severity, depending on the preoccupations symptom severity levels. These findings suggest that AN is associated with white matter plasticity alterations in the habit circuit. The association between characteristics of habit circuit white matter tracts and AN behavioral symptoms provides support for a circuit based neurobiological model of AN, and identifies the habit circuit as a focus for further investigation to aid in development of novel and more effective treatments based on brain-behavior relationships.

Paranoid States Occurring in Leaded-Petrol Handlers

1950 ◽  
Vol 96 (405) ◽  
pp. 1043-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Kahan
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Military Units

During the early winter of 1943 a series of cases was seen that presented syndromes of emotional disturbance, varying from acute excitement and confusion to depressive traits such as hypochondriasis, vague fears and insomnia. Hallucination, delusions, or ideas of reference, appeared in all. The patients concerned, six in number, were Indian males, all between 20 and 40 years of age, and were referred to the psychiatric section of the combined general hospital at Basra between October and December, 1943. They had a common background, inasmuch as they had all been away from India with their units for a year or more, and were members of military units working in S. Persia, closely in contact with petrol, either as can fillers or can stackers in enclosed spaces. The hours of work were long, and the men were kept at this work for extended periods. It was, at the time, essential to maintain heavy deliveries of petrol, and the men concerned were at work in high natural temperatures with only little consideration being given for possible ill effects from the freely evaporating petrol.

Reflections on the Commission’s Legacy in Legislated Minimum Standards

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-717
Author(s):  
Marilyn Pittard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
Federal Statute ◽  
State Legislative

This article examines the extent to which the labour standards adopted by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and its predecessors have left a ‘legacy’ in the new legislated standards and dismissal protection in the Fair Work Act 2009. The Commission’s ‘community standards’, developed from ‘test cases’ and piecemeal from other decisions, will be explored, together with factors that had an impact on those decisions, including: the very nature of test cases; economic, social and public interest considerations; the federal statute; State legislative developments; and international influences. Case studies involving paid annual leave and standard hours of work will illustrate the Commission’s approach in its decision-making. Questions are posed as to whether the Commission has left guiding principles to achieve economic and social justice and assist future policymakers and regulators when they face similar decisions; and why some Commission standards were not legislated but may remain in awards.

Determination of Optimum Instances and Duration of Rest Periods for Strenuous Manual Work

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Dileep R. Sule
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Manual Work ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Rest Breaks

Since the beginning of recorded history, man has been concerned about work-rest cycles. Studies of industrial fatigue date back to 1893 when the hours of work were reduced from 54 to 48 hours a week. Further reductions have brought us to a 40-hour work week with five days of work and two days of rest. Management recognizes the value of rest breaks and normally provides these in accordance with the type labor performed and environmental conditions.

Sex as Reported in a Recent Sample of Psychological Research

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Reardon ◽  
Suzanne Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Recent Sample ◽  
Scientific Decision ◽  
Reporting Procedures ◽  
Scientific Reporting

This study is a follow up on the study done by Sara Schwabacher (1972). All the articles in this study were taken from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1974, volume 30, and were reviewed for sex of subjects, type of conclusions drawn, and whether sex was mentioned in the abstract, introduction, or methods section. These results were compared to the Schwabacher study in order to discover if the conditions noted in her study continue to prevail, or whether there has been a change in scientific sampling and reporting procedures. Contrary to the previous study, the percentage of all male studies show a sharp drop of 15% while all female studies rose 22%. When comparing the amount of single sex studies overgeneralized, all-male studies remained proportionately the same, whereas overgeneralized all-female studies showed an increase of 35.5%. In addition more both-sex articles checked for sex differences than previously reported. The authors discuss the results in relation to the women's movement and scientific decision making. Three suggestions for scientific reporting and procedures are made.

The Origins of Commitment: Truman and West Berlin

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Welch Larson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Truman Administration ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
German Government ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
West Berlin ◽  
Adequate Power

Until the 1948–1949 Berlin blockade, the United States had not decided whether U.S. forces should remain in West Berlin after the establishment of a West German government. But after the Soviet Union closed off surface routes to West Berlin, the Truman administration embarked on a massive airlift and established a de facto commitment to preserve the western sectors' independence. The U.S. guarantee to West Berlin is difficult to explain from the standpoint of realist theories of foreign policymaking. Realism maintains that leaders should undertake commitments only if adequate power is available and that ends should be commensurate with means. West Berlin was indefensible, and its access routes could be restricted at any time. Only by analyzing the decision-making process from the standpoint of political psychology can scholars determine why U.S. policymakers acted as they did. President Harry Truman played a pivotal role in decision-making in Berlin, and he relied on his own judgment rather than policy analysis. Psychological research on intuitive judgment indicates that people sometimes make important decisions without deliberating when the problem is highly complex and the outcome uncertain—precisely the conditions Truman faced in 1948.

Ties that Bother - Ties that Matter

2017 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Renáta Hosnedlová
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Decision Making Process

The aim of this article is to show that it is necessary to consider the negative, latent and lost ties, and those with the quality “zero” when studying the formation, change and reaffirmation of residential intentions and decisions. We use the case of Ukrainian immigrants residing in Spain, where we focus on the negative ties and the effects of relational strain among third parties, applying the approach of qualitative social network analysis. We pinpoint the compositional and structural characteristics of negative ties that are significant concerning decision-making process and constructing collecting data tools.

Forecasting the Effects of a Negative Income Tax Program

ILR Review ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Johnson ◽  
John H. Pencavel
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Supply Functions ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Negative Income Tax

This paper outlines a scheme that forecasts the change in net earnings or in hours worked that results from the introduction of a negative income tax (NIT) program. The authors illustrate this scheme by estimating labor supply functions for married men, married women, and single women who participated in the Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiments. These functions are then used to simulate the effects of several NIT programs. The findings suggest that changes in the wage rate of an individual covered by an NIT program result in important changes in the hours of work of the individual's spouse.

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