Time and classification

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
The World ◽  
Geological Timescale ◽  
Different Parts

The age and the classification of a particular fossil are the two fundamental properties necessary to begun understanding how it fits into the evolutionary patterns revealed by the fossil record. There are often misunderstandings of one or other of these by specialists. Evolutionary biologists on occasion express far too optimistic a view of how accurately fossils can actually be dated, both absolutely and relative to one another. Geologists have been known to have a rather limited view of how modern systematic methods are used to infer relationships from large amounts of information, be it morphological or molecular. In this chapter, a brief outline of the principles underlying the construction of the geological timescale, and of a classification are given, along with reference timescales and classifications for use throughout the following chapters. The creation of a timescale for dating the events recorded in the rocks since the origin of the Earth is one of the greatest achievements of science, unspectacular and taken for granted as it may often be. It is also unfinished business insofar as there are varying degrees of uncertainty and inaccuracy about the dates of many rock exposures, none more so than among the mostly continental, rather than marine sediments containing the fossils with which this work is concerned. A geological timescale is actually a compilation of the results of two kinds of study. One is recognising the temporal sequence of the rocks, and agreeing arbitrarily defined boundaries between the named rock units, the result of which is a chronostratic timescale. The other is calibration of the sequence and its divisions in absolute time units of years before present, a chronometric timescale. It is simple in principle to list the relative temporal order of events, such as the occurrence of fossils, in a single rock unit, although even here the possibility of missing segments, known as hiatuses, in local parts of the unit, or of complex folding movements of the strata disturbing the order must not be forgotten. The biggest problem is correlating relative dates between different units in different parts of the world.

STUDY OF ORNAMENTS IN HUNTO SULTAN AMAY MOSQUE GORONTALO

ARTic ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Risti Puspita Sari Hunowu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Existing Form ◽  
The City ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This research is aimed at studying the Hunto Sultan Amay Mosque located in Gorontalo City. Hunto Sultan Amay Mosque is the oldest mosque in the city of Gorontalo The Hunto Sultan Amay Mosque was built as proof of Sultan Amay's love for a daughter and is a representation of Islam in Gorontalo. Researchers will investigate the visual form of the Hunto Sultan Amay Mosque which was originally like an ancient mosque in the archipelago. can be seen from the shape of the roof which initially used an overlapping roof and then converted into a dome as well as mosques in the world, we can be sure the Hunto Sultan Amay Mosque uses a dome roof after the arrival of Dutch Colonial. The researcher used a qualitative method by observing the existing form in detail from the building of the mosque with an aesthetic approach, reviewing objects and selecting the selected ornament giving a classification of the shapes, so that the section became a reference for the author as research material. Based on the analysis of this thesis, the form  of the Hunto Sultan Amay mosque as well as the mosques located in the archipelago and the existence of ornaments in the Hunto Sultan Amay Mosque as a decorative structure support the grandeur of a mosque. On the other hand, Hunto Mosque ornaments reveal a teaching. The form of a teaching is manifested in the form of motives and does not depict living beings in a realist or naturalist manner. the decorative forms of the Hunto Sultan Sultan Mosque in general tend to lead to a form of flora, geometric ornaments, and ornament of calligraphy dominated by the distinctive colors of Islam, namely gold, white, red, yellow and green.

scholarly journals Comparing climate change indices between a northern (arid) and a southern (humid) basin in Mexico during the last decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín José Montero-Martínez ◽  
Julio Sergio Santana-Sepúlveda ◽  
Naydú Isabel Pérez-Ortiz ◽  
Óscar Pita-Díaz ◽  
Salvador Castillo-Liñan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Humid Area ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract. It is a matter of current study to determine potential climate changes in different parts of the world, especially in regions like a basin which has the potential to affect socioeconomic and environmental issues in a defined area. This study provides a comparison between several climate change indices trends of two very different basins in Mexico, one located in the northern arid region (the Conchos River basin) and the other in the southern humid area (the Usumacinta River basin). First, quality control, homogenization, and completion of the missing data were applied before calculating the climate change indices and their respective trends for the combined period 1961–1994. A clear warming signal was found for the two basins in addition to an increment in the DTR, in agreement with other studies in Mexico. Also, the Conchos River basin was found to be more humid and the Usumacinta River basin drier, in accordance to a supposed seesaw behavior indicated in previous analysis.

scholarly journals Note: Recording of Some Beetles in Honey Bee Colonies

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Abou-Shaara ◽  
M.E. Ahmad ◽  
J. Háva
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
The Other ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Bee Bread ◽  
Small Hive Beetles ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Honey bees are very valuable to human. These social insects contribute in the pollination of many crops. Also, the products from honey bee colonies have many nutritional and medicinal benefits. Thus, keeping honey bees are very valuable and can be considered as source of income to many families. There are many diseases and pests that attack honey bee colonies. The pests attack bee colonies include: hornets, wax moths, bee-eater birds, and beetles. Such challenges can impact the survival and productivity of honey bee colonies. In this study, some beetle species belong to Fam. Nitidulidae, Dermestidae and Mycetophagidae were detected in honey bee colonies in Egypt, during spring. Despite the presence of many beetle species in the agricultural environment, only few species preferred the invasion of the colonies for feeding. These beetles do not attack stages of honey bees. They only feed on stored pollen or bee bread, especially those fallen on the bottom of the beehives. This is an alarm to follow the feeding behavior and distribution of these beetles. These beetles’ species can be considered as potential pests to weak honey bee colonies, housed in old or damaged beehives. The presence of large numbers of these beetles in weak colonies may disturb the activities of the bees and may passively impact the survival of the colonies. Listing these beetles is very important to better understanding the interaction between honey bees and beetles. On the other side, small hive beetles were not detected in the colonies. These beetles are currently one of the major problems facing honey bees in different parts of the world. This study confirms the absence of small hive beetles from Egypt.

Spanish-speaking Anarchists in the United States

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-102
Author(s):  
Susana Sueiro Seoane
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Latin American ◽  
York City ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter analyzes Cultura Obrera (Labor Culture), published in New York City from 1911 to 1927. Pedro Esteve, the primary editor, gave expression to his ideas in this newspaper and while it represented Spanish firemen and marine workers, it reported on many other workers’ struggles in different parts of the world, for example, supporting and collecting funds for the Mexican revolutionary brothers Flores Magón. This newspaper, as all the anarchist press, was part of a transnational network and had a circulation not only in many parts of the United States but also in Latin American countries, including Argentina and Cuba, as well as on the other side of the Atlantic, in Spain and various European countries.

The Two Kinds of Depression According to St. Paul

1967 ◽  
Vol 113 (500) ◽  
pp. 779-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Altschule
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
English Translations ◽  
The One ◽  
Similar Classification

One current classification of depression divides the syndrome into psychotic and non-psychotic varieties. It is interesting that a similar classification developed over a thousand years ago out of some words of St. Paul. In his Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Ch. 7, v. 10, Paul wrote: “For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of, but the sorrow of the world worketh death.” The word sorrow used in English translations of the Bible stood for the tristitia of Latin versions (Greek λνπη); connoting sadness, sorrow, despondency, depression. Paul's distinction between the two kinds of tristitia, the one “from God” and the other “of the world”, led mediaeval theologians to enlarge on differences between the two kinds of depression.

The institutional basis of anglophone western centrality

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Afonso de Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Personal Contribution ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Parts

Non-western scholars usually face a dilemma if they want to pursue an international scholarly career: On the one hand, mastering western media theories is mandatory for taking part in international forums and exchanging experiences with people from different parts of the world; on the other hand, these theories are, in many aspects, foreign to their cultural backgrounds and, in many cases, seem inadequate for describing their own societies. My personal contribution to the debate arises from the fact that, although having some experience in participating in Anglophonic communication meetings and publishing in international academic vehicles, I never had first-hand experience, either as a student or as a professor, in American or European universities. In consequence, I was exposed to Western Anglophonic theories without being socialized in a scholarly environment in which they are taken as ‘natural’. Based on this experience, I contend that the global impact of western theories cannot be explained only by their intrinsic merits, but as the result of the socialization of scholars from all parts on the world in western educational institutions, and the networks built around them.

Taxonomy and its Pleasures

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-448
Author(s):  
Anne O’Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Natural Purpose

Abstract Taxonomy is our response to the proliferating variety of the natural world on the one hand, and the principle of unrelieved universality on the other. From Aristotle, through Porphyry to Linneaus, Kant and others, thinkers have struggled to develop taxonomies that could order what we know and also what we do not yet know, and this essay is a reflection on the existential desire that propels this effort. Porphyry’s tree of logic is an exhaustive account of the things we can say about the sort of beings we are; Linneaus’s system of nature reaches completion in the classification of humans; Kant discovers a way to have natural and logical forms coincide in the thought of natural purpose and purposiveness. The stakes are high. When we order the world, we order ourselves: when we enter the taxonomy, it enters us and confronts us with our judgments of kind, race and kin.

Aggression, cooperation, and relatedness among colonies of the invasive ant, Monomorium pharaonis, originating from different areas of the world

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Frouz ◽  
Radek John ◽  
Václav Rupeš ◽  
Gábor Cech ◽  
Károly Marialigeti
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Invasive Ant ◽  
Monomorium Pharaonis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
The World ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractThe cooperation and aggression between five laboratory colonies of Monomorium pharaonis were compared using an aggressiveness test and pupa-carrying test in laboratory arenas. The colonies were derived from field collections in different parts of Europe and USA. Generally, inter-colony aggressiveness was low and acceptance of pupae from other colonies was high. Workers from one colony (Lužiny, CZ), however, frequently displayed aggressive behavior when paired with workers from other colonies, and the Lužiny pupae were avoided by workers of other colonies in pupa-carrying tests. Behavioral tests were only partly consistent with the phylogenetic relatedness of ants because the Wisconsin colony (USA) grouped with the Lužiny colony (and not with the other three colonies) in the phylogenetic analysis but grouped with the other three colonies in the behavioral tests.

Recent Work on the Phacopidae

1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 308-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Cowper Reed
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Author ◽  
New Genera ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Made In

Since the publication of the paper by the present author in 1905 on the Classification of the Phacopidae, a considerable advance has been made in our knowledge of this family as a result of further and better material being obtained, and of new discoveries in different parts of the world. Many new genera and subgenera have been instituted, and modifications or limitations of some of the old terms have been introduced by various authors. The work of Wedekind, Clarke, Rud. and E. Richter, and Kozlowski has specially dealt with questions of classification, but there is still a considerable amount of diversity in the usage and application of the generic and subgeneric names.

LOCAL SPIRITS OF THE MANSI PEOPLE: LOCI, SPACE, TIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 274-286
Author(s):  
Nadeshda V. Lukina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The People ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The One ◽  
Space Ties ◽  
Extensive List ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Spatial Area

The article is prepared on the base of works by K.F. Karjalainen, A. Kannisto, V.N. Chernetsov, E.I. Rombandeeva, R.K. Bardina, I.N. Gemuev, A.I. Sagalaev, A.V. Baulo. Based on the classification of Karjalainen, the author refers the ancestral (family), village and territorial spirits to the local spirits. By their origin, they are famous ancestors, founders of villages, former personal spirits, and sons of the supreme god Numi-Tōrum. The list of local spirits fixed on the rivers Severnaya Sosva with Ob region, Lyapin / Sygva, Lozva, Pelym, Tavda, Vagilsk, and Konda is given. They are linked to specific loci: villages, forest areas, or water basins. This localization is of two kinds: both the location of the spirit itself and the territory of its worship. These signs do not always coincide. Different variants of the spatial boundaries of worship of a concrete spirit are revealed among the Mansi people. In some cases, only one spirit is worshipped in a village, in other words, it has here "sole" space. In other cases, when different local spirits are worshipped in the same village, their space is common. An even wider area “belongs” to the spirits worshipped in several villages (loci). The most extensive areas of worship were formed by the territorial ancestor spirits. Most of the local spirits were related to each other. This is most clearly demonstrated by the significant territorial spirits whish are considered the children of Numi-Tōrum – Polum-Tōrum, Nyaras-Nāy-Ekva, Tāgt-Kotil-Ōjka, Āj-Ās-Ōjka, and Nyor-Ōjka. In turn, the children of these original patron spirits dispersed to different parts of the Mansi land, becoming the guardians of both the area and the people living in it. These are the nāj-otyrs that helped people to settle where they now live. They are the masters of loci (villages, towns) and are subordinate to one of the most senior original patron spirits. Thus, the sons of Tāgt-Kotil-Ōjka are the patron spirits in several villages on the Severnaya Sosva River, as well as on the Manya River. Seven bogatyr brothers from the Lozva River made military campaigns over the Sosva River. The ties between the nāj-otyrs were often of a warlike nature. They conquered other people's territories and became patron spirits there. The materials presented in the article draw a general picture of the representations about local spirits (ancestral spirits) among different groups of the Mansi people. The basis of these representations is the general Mansi worldview concept about the origin of these characters, about their structure and relationships. The extensive list of ancestral spirits demonstrates, on the one hand, their localization and, on the other hand, the wide spatial area of worship of the most significant of them.

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