Some problems of ethnic study of the heroic epic

На протяжении всего ХХ века в фольклористике доминировал так называемый поэтический метод, который занимался определением художественной системы героического эпоса. Вместе с тем все чаще ставился вопрос об отношении эпоса к историческим событиям прошлого. Многие фольклористы и историки, в лице С. Н. Азбелева, Л. И. Емельянова, Н. И. Кравцова, А. А. Петросяна, М. М. Плисецкого, Б. А. Рыбакова начали разрабатывать проблемы историзма в русских былинах. На этой почве в середине 1960-х гг. вспыхнули научные дебаты вокруг этой проблемы – историзма героического эпоса. Несмотря на полемический характер,суждения многих фольклористов оказались на стороне исторического изучения былин. Такая постановка вопроса, с учетом посмертно изданного труда «Экскурсы в теорию и историю славянского эпоса» (1999), оказалась не чуждой самому Б. Н. Путилову, который усердно разрабатывал типологическую теорию. В своих поздних изысканиях автор несколько отошёл от изначальной позиции. На широком фоне исторического изучения былин фольклористы пошли ещё дальше, вычленяя сведения этнического порядка в героическом эпосе. Цель настоящего исследования – определение этнического характера героического эпоса с учетом методологических достижений фольклористики конца ХХ и начала ХХI веков. Актуальность данного направления заключается в том, что несмотря на многочисленные этнонимы, топонимы, гидронимы, антропонимы и т. д., отражённые в героическом эпосе, они долгое время оставались в тени. Историки, опиравшиеся только на достоверные факты, игнорировали подобные сведения, а фольклористы, в свою очередь, считали их объектом историков. Поэтому научно-познавательный процесс подменялся суждением о личном вкладе эпических сказителей, якобы вносивших этническую номенклатуру в героический эпос. С распадом СССР были сняты многие идеологические запреты, связанные с этнической природой казахского эпоса. Это позволило отдельным учёным постсоветского пространства приступить к разработке этнических истоков героического эпоса. Были опубликованы соответствующие материалы, в том числе на страницах настоящего журнала, направленные на изучение этнических сведений в казахском эпосе. Отныне этнический характер эпоса не вызывает больших разногласий. В казахском эпосоведении эта проблема стала разрабатываться более глубже, с использованием методов исследования фольклористики, этнографии и этнологии. В статье приводятся новые сведения и суждения отдельных исследователей методологического порядка. Наряду с общеизвестными трудами вышеуказанных фольклористов в научный обиход вовлекаются герменевтические суждения А. М. Эткинда. Обращено внимание на информативную сущность героического эпоса, определены познавательные возможности синхронного и диахронного методов исследования. Подытоживая материал, автор приходит к заключению, что без этноса нет героического эпоса, а без этнического процесса – эпической традиции. Throughout the 20th century, folkloristics was dominated by the so-called poetic method, which was engaged in determining the artistic system of the heroic epic. At the same time, the question of the attitude of the epic to the historical events of the past was increasingly raised. Many folklorists and historians, represented by S. N. Azbelev, L. I. Emelyanov, N. I. Kravtsov, A. A. Petrosyan, M. M. Plisetsky, B. A. Rybakov, began to develop the problems of historicism in Russian epics. On this ground in the mid-1960s, a scholarly debate broke out around this problem: the historicism of the heroic epic. Despite the polemical nature of the judgment of many folklorists, they were on the side of the historical study of epics. Such a statement of the question, taking into account the posthumously published work “Excursions into the theory and history of the Slavic epic” (1999), turned out to be no stranger to B. N. Putilov himself, who diligently developed typological theory. In his later research, the author somewhat moved away from the original position. Against the broad background of the historical study of epics, folklorists went even further, distinguishing information of the ethnic order in the heroic epic. The purpose of this study was to determine the ethnic nature of the heroic epic, taking into account the methodological achievements of folkloristics of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The relevance of this direction is that despite the numerous ethnonyms, toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc., reflected in the heroic epic, they remained in the shadows for a long time. Historians, relying only on reliable facts, ignored such information, and folklorists, in turn, considered the object of historians. Therefore, the scholarly and cognitive process was replaced by a judgment on the personal contribution of epic storytellers who allegedly contributed ethnic nomenclature to the heroic epic. With the collapse of the USSR, many ideological prohibitions related to the ethnic nature of the Kazakh epic were lifted. This allowed individual scientists of the post-Soviet space to begin developing the ethnic origins of the heroic epic. Relevant materials were published, including on the pages of this publication, aimed at studying ethnic information in the Kazakh epic. From now on, the ethnic nature of the epic does not cause much disagreement. In Kazakh epic studies, this problem began to be developed more deeply, using methods of studying folkloristics, ethnography and ethnology. The article provides new information and judgments of individual researchers of the methodological order. Along with the well-known works of the above folklorists, hermeneutic judgments of A. M. Etkind are involved in scholarly use. Attention was drawn to the informative essence of the heroic epic, the cognitive possibilities of synchronous and diachronic research methods were determined. Summing up the material, the author concludes that without an ethnic group there is no heroic epic, and without an ethnic process – no epic tradition.

Научно-организационная роль и наследие А. В. Андреева в развитии орнитологических исследований и охране природы Северо-Востока Азии.

The authors analyze the scientific and organizational activities of A. V. Andreev as a leader of ornithological research in Russia\'s North-East as well as his personal contribution in organization and development of nature conservation. The article is illustrated with previously unpublished photographs and presents the reference list of A. V. Andreev major scientific publications since 1971.

The influence of Ukrainian embroidery on the fashion of the 60s of the twentieth century

The purpose of the article is to highlight a little-studied problem in domestic science, which is associated with the production of fashionable clothing and the use of traditional Ukrainian embroidery in the 60s of the twentieth century. The methodology is based on the principles of historical, art history, culturological analysis, and methods of systematization of factual material and typological analysis. The personal contribution of fashion designers in the rise of artistic embroidery in the 60s of the twentieth century is revealed. The scientific novelty lies in the disclosure of historical sources, artifacts that testify to the presence of ornamental embroidered elements in the decoration of Ukrainian women's clothing of this period. The production of clothes with embroidery on the territory of Ukraine is connected with shops, artel, and industrial productions. The state of Ukrainian embroidery with the use of modern fashion trends in the clothing of the 60s of the twentieth century is analyzed. Conclusions. Having conducted a study of fashion trends in Ukrainian clothing of the 60s of the twentieth century. and summarizing the art of its production, we can note the following: the production of compositionally completed collections of contemporary clothing, developed through the efforts of creative associations of fashion houses, light, and local industry, taking into account national Ukrainian traditions, took place to meet the demand of growing population and its cultural education. The implementation and realization of exquisite masterful, thematic ideas coordinated and directed the activities of the garment, textile, and knitwear industries. The national costume and its stylized elements with traditional motifs of Ukrainian embroidery attracted special and great attention to the fashion of the past times of the XX century. Key words: embroidery, clothes, technology, industry, fashion designers.

The study of the contribution of explorers-travelers to the formation of the heritage of the Altai Krai and the Altai Republic by means of GIS technology

The paper considers possibilities of geoinformation technology tools use for studying and updating the contribution of researchers-travelers to the formation of historical, cultural and scientific heritage of the Altai Krai and the Altai Republic in 18-19 centuries. Inevitably the heritage is a valuable resource for development of cultural, social and scientific component of the society. There is an urgent need to study and actualize historical heritage, find optimal ways of its adaptation to changing tendencies and demands of today. The theme of promoting heritage in the development of domestic educational tourism is a popular one. Recreation has long ceased to be seen only as passive, there is a growing interest in cognitive tourism. Each region seeks to preserve and present its historical and cultural peculiarities, connections with outstanding personalities, to assess their contribution to the development of the territory. Geographic information systems (GIS) are the main tool of this study. They have functions of displaying information in a visual form, as well as allow a comprehensive and systematic storage and processing of data in a spatial and temporal context. Geoinformation mapping in the study and actualization of personal contribution to the study of the region will allow to establish travel routes, research discoveries, collections, publications, which in the 18-19 centuries contributed to the study of the territory of the Altai Krai and the Altai Republic. These territories are united by a common rich past. A new look at the heritage will allow to develop research knowledge about the history and culture of the regions as well as undoubtedly contribute to the development and enrichment of tourist products.

ARCHEOLOGY AS A VOCATION: TO THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGIST RIMMA DMITRIEVNA GOLDINA

The article is devoted to the anniversary of the Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History of Udmurtia, Archeology and Ethnography, director of the Institute of History and Culture of the Peoples of the Urals of the Udmurt State University, Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation, founder of the scientific archaeological school Rimma Dmitrievna Goldina. The article briefly outlines the significant scientific problems solved under the guidance of the scientist, presents the key achievements made by the researcher and her colleagues and students during the long-term archaeological research of the vast territory of the Urals by the Kamsko-Vyatka archaeological expedition. The personal contribution of the archaeologist to the development of Ural-Volga and wider - Russian archeology in general, to the formation of university science and the Udmurt State University is shown.

Gasprinsky`s new teaching method

The article discusses the issue of the new methodology “Usul-i- jedit” (“New methods of teaching reading and writing”), developed by I. Gasprinsky at the very beginning of 1880 in the Crimean Tatar primary schools. It traces the spread of “Usul-i-jedit” in Muslim schools of Volga region, Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey, Iran, India and other regions. It shows how the reforms of the educational system of that time influenced to dynamics and quality of the education. Based on little-known sources, Gasprinsky`s personal contribution to the development of the educational process in Muslim countries is reflected.

Эпоха деятельности профессора Анджея Ситарского – расцвет познанской украинистики (воспоминание-посвящение как эго-текст)

The paper is devoted to a holistic analysis of the scientific-organisational and scientific-didactic activity of the Head of the Institute of Russian and Ukrainian philology, Professor Andrzej Sitarski (2008–2019). In the paper, the author presents her reflections on the status of ego-texts along with their categories. The authorʹs attention is primarily focused on the evaluation of Professor Sitarski’s role in the upbringing of talented linguists, as well as on his personal contribution to the development of Poznań Ukrainian studies. The in-depth analysis is conducted on the basis of the category of memory that is depicted in ego-text genres, including the genre of memoirs-dedications. Professor Sitarski has an outstanding linguistic personality of a bilingual that boils down to particular verbal and nonverbal properties represented through his psychotype – his abilities of the elite linguistic character of a scientist and lecturer of Russian language are distinctive for him.

THE FIGURE OF I. MAZEPA IN THE MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH OF THEODOR MASKIW

The article analyzes the monographic studies of T. Maсkiw, which concerned the figure of I. Mazepa. The personal contribution of the historian to the study of political circumstances and public sentiments in which the documents described by scientists were created, the genesis and texts of research sources, as well as their influence on memoirists of that era are determined. Attention is drawn to the refutation by scientists of falsified data and erroneous assumptions of other researchers about the figure of the hetman. The types and kinds of sources used by T. Maсkiw in his research are described. The differences in the factual content of texts of sources of different European countries, the dependence of these texts on the place of creation of the source and its author are studied, the structure, genesis and differences of the main works of the historian on this subject are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on new information on the history of Ukraine in the time of I. Mazepa, which T. Maсkiw found in European archives. The archeographic aspect of the historian’s activity is also reflected in the article. An important contribution of the author can be considered his reflections on the objectivity / subjectivity of the European press, which covered the events of Europe and Ukraine in the era of hetman I. Mazepa, its influence on European politicians, as well as the dependence of the press on the state. The main attention in the research is paid to the ukrainian-language monograph «Hetman Ivan Mazepa in the that time western European sources 1687-1709». An analysis of the change in assessments of political events in Ukraine by the foreign press after the transition of the hetman to the side of the Swedish king, a description of the reasons for this transition, the dependence of foreign assessments of the events of 1708 on the position of the Russian Empire, causes and consequences for I. Mazepa, vicissitudes of granting the hetman the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

Discussion on ‘The geological collection from the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04) in the Museo de La Plata, Argentina’ by Carrasquero 2021 (Scottish Journal of Geology, 57, 60– 66)

The informative paper by Carrasquero (2021) reveals the personal contribution made by Francisco Moreno to the success of the 1902-04 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE) during the time it spent in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was a crucial intervention, and for the hospitality and generous assistance that Moreno arranged for the expedition's leader, William Speirs Bruce (Fig. 1), the presentation of a few rock specimens might seem scant reward, although as an additional mark of respect Bruce named Point Moreno on the expedition's published map of Laurie Island (Brown et al. 1906, p. 145): the name is still valid – 60° 44’ S, 44° 41’ W. Bruce would have been deeply satisfied by the knowledge that his donation of specimens from the South Orkney Islands had initiated the development of an Antarctic collection at the Museo de La Plata. His scientific outlook was always international and collaborative.