Courtesy food sharing characterized by begging for social bonds in wild bonobos

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Yamamoto ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Nous Proposons ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Meat Sharing ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Gain Access

Food sharing has played an important role in the evolution of cooperation, especially in hominization. Evolutionary theories regarding food sharing have been based mainly on chimpanzee meat sharing. However, in bonobos, our other closest evolutionary relatives, food sharing occurs in considerably different ways than it does in chimpanzees. Bonobos often share plant food, which can often be obtained without any cooperation or specialized skills, sometimes even when the same food items are abundant and easily available at the sites. The characteristics of bonobo food sharing appear to be at odds with previous hypotheses, such as reciprocity and sharing under pressure, and urge us to shift our viewpoint from the food owner to the recipient. This chapter proposes that recipients beg to strengthen social bonding as well as to gain access to the food itself. Frequent fruit sharing among bonobos may shed light on the evolution of courtesy food sharing to enhance social bonds in a resource-rich environment. Le partage de la nourriture a joué un rôle très important dans l’évolution de coopération, spécialement dans la hominisation. Les théories évolutionnaires sur le partage de la nourriture sont basées, pour la plupart, sur le partage de la viande par les chimpanzés. Cependant, chez les bonobos, nos autres parents évolutionnaires, le partage de la nourriture est fait d’une manière très différente que chez les chimpanzés. Les bonobos partagent fréquemment les aliments végétaux, qui sont obtenus sans coopération et sans compétences spécialisées, et parfois le font même quand cette même nourriture est facilement accessible aux sites. Les caractéristiques du partage de nourriture chez les bonobos contredisent des hypothèses précédentes, comme celle de la réciprocité et du partage-sous-pression, et nous poussent à changer la perspective du propriétaire de la nourriture à celle du bénéficiaire. Nous proposons que les bénéficiaires supplient pour commencer à se lier socialement, et pour accéder à la nourriture. Le partage fréquent des fruits chez les bonobos peut nous informer sur l’évolution du partage de nourriture par politesse pour augmenter les liens sociaux dans un environnement plein de ressources.

scholarly journals Non-reciprocal but peaceful fruit sharing in wild bonobos in Wamba

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 335-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Reciprocal Exchange ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Meat Sharing

Food sharing is considered to be a driving force in the evolution of cooperation in human societies. Previously postulated hypotheses for the mechanism and evolution of food sharing, e.g., reciprocity and sharing-under-pressure, were primarily proposed on the basis of meat sharing in chimpanzees. However, food sharing in bonobos has some remarkably different characteristics. Here I report details pertaining to fruit sharing in wild bonobos in Wamba based on 150 events of junglesop fruit sharing between independent individuals. The bonobos, primarily adult females, shared fruit that could be obtained individually without any cooperation or specialized skills. There was no evidence for reciprocal exchange, and their peaceful sharing seems to contradict the sharing-under-pressure explanation. Subordinate females begged for abundant fruit from dominants; this might indicate that they tested the dominants’ tolerance based on social bonds rather than simply begging for the food itself, suggesting existence of courtesy food sharing in bonobos.

Considering Others’ Mental States Causally Increases Feelings of Social Bonding and Information Sharing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Baek ◽  
Diana Tamir ◽  
Emily B. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Health News ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Mentalizing System

Information sharing is a ubiquitous social behavior. What causes people to share? Mentalizing, or considering the mental states of other people, has been theorized to play a central role in information sharing, with higher activity in the brain’s mentalizing system associated with increased likelihood to share information. In line with this theory, we present novel evidence that mentalizing causally increases information sharing. In three pre-registered studies (n = 400, 840, and 3500 participants), participants who were instructed to consider the mental states of potential information receivers indicated higher likelihood to share health news compared to a control condition where they were asked to reflect on the content of the article. Certain kinds of mentalizing were particularly effective; in particular, considering receivers’ emotional and positive mental states, led to the greatest increase in likelihood to share. The relationship between mentalizing and sharing was mediated by feelings of closeness with potential receivers. Mentalizing increased feelings of connectedness to potential receivers, and in turn, increased likelihood of information sharing. Considering receivers’ emotional, positive, and inward-focused mental states was most effective at driving participants to feel closer with potential receivers and increase sharing. Data provide evidence for a causal relationship between mentalizing and information sharing and provide insight about the mechanism linking mentalizing and sharing. Taken together, these results advance theories of information sharing and shed light on previously observed brain-behavior relationships.

scholarly journals The dawn of social bonds: what is the role of shared experiences in non-human animals?

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 20200201
Author(s):  
Laura Busia ◽  
Matteo Griggio
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationship ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Shed Light

Group-living animals can develop social bonds. Social bonds can be considered a type of social relationship characterized by frequent and consistent affiliative (non-reproductive) interactions. Social bonds with conspecifics bring many advantages, also in terms of direct fitness. A characteristic of social bonds is that they need time to develop. Several studies on humans have emphasized the fact that sharing experiences can affect the strength of social bonds. A similar trend can be spotted in non-human species. For example, a recent experiment showed that if chimpanzees watched a video together with a conspecific, they spent more time in proximity compared to conspecifics with whom they did not actively watch a video. Another experiment on fish showed that individuals who experienced a situation of high predation risk together, showed preference for each other compared to those who did not. As the link between shared experiences and social bonds is not explicitly recognized in non-human animals, the main goal of this work is to propose the exploration of this novel research path. This exploration would contribute to shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms of social bond (or friendship) development and maintenance between individuals in different vertebrate species, from fish to non-human primates.

Ribotyping and a Study of Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus Collected from Food Preparation Facilities

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHIRU KISHIMOTO ◽  
YUICHI HIOKI ◽  
TETSUYA OKANO ◽  
HIROTAKA KONUMA ◽  
KAZUHIRO TAKAMIZAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Cooking Equipment ◽  
Shed Light

Food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus is sometimes caused by improper handling of food items in food preparation facilities. Prevention of contamination by employees is particularly important in facilities where a significant amount of food preparation is performed by hand. Some experiments have been performed to describe bacterial cross-contamination in the food preparation process, but there have been few studies of cross-contamination in actual food preparation facilities. Aiming to shed light on the transmission of S. aureus in food preparation facilities, this study collected samples of 66 strains of this bacterium from the fingers of food preparation staff, foodstuffs, prepared foods, cooking utensils, and cooking equipment and typed them with the ribotyping method. S. aureus from the same ribogroup was detected on the hands of a study participant, a faucet, knife, frying pan, and a salad, indicating that bacteria found on the hands of the study participant was transmitted to cooking utensils and prepared foods. Transmission (from a faucet to a frying pan handle) of bacteria by another person, a third party, was also detected.

scholarly journals An omnidirectional visualization model of personalized gene regulatory networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chixiang Chen ◽  
Libo Jiang ◽  
Guifang Fu ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
Yaqun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Bypass Grafting ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Vein Bypass ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) have been widely used as a fundamental tool to reveal the genomic mechanisms that underlie the individual’s response to environmental and developmental cues. Standard approaches infer GRNs as holistic graphs of gene co-expression, but such graphs cannot quantify how gene–gene interactions vary among individuals and how they alter structurally across spatiotemporal gradients. Here, we develop a general framework for inferring informative, dynamic, omnidirectional, and personalized networks (idopNetworks) from routine transcriptional experiments. This framework is constructed by a system of quasi-dynamic ordinary differential equations (qdODEs) derived from the combination of ecological and evolutionary theories. We reconstruct idopNetworks using genomic data from a surgical experiment and illustrate how network structure is associated with surgical response to infrainguinal vein bypass grafting and the outcome of grafting. idopNetworks may shed light on genotype–phenotype relationships and provide valuable information for personalized medicine.

Moderators of the relationship between social bonding and organizational commitment

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Shih-Tse Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The commitment of service employees to an organization is a critical concern that affects the success of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the social bonds between the supervisor and the employee, and among employees, foster organizational commitment in employees. The study subsequently explored the moderating role of work status (full-time vs parttime) and employee individualistic values in the relationship between social bonding and commitment. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical data were collected from the frontline employees of restaurants in Taiwan (n=395). Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between social bonds and relationship commitment and the moderating effect of work status and individualistic values on the social bonding-commitment relationship. Findings – The results show that social bonding is an antecedent to organizational commitment, and work status and individualistic values moderate the social bonding-commitment relationship. The effect of social bonding on organizational commitment is stronger for full-time and less individualistic employees than for part-time and more individualistic employees. Originality/value – This research contributes to knowledge of the effect of social bonding on employee organizational commitment, and provides evidence showing that work status and employee values affect the social bonding-commitment relationship.

scholarly journals Opioids and Social Connection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristen Inagaki
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Future Work

Social connection, the pleasurable, subjective experience of feeling close to and bonded with others, is critical for well-being and continued social bonding. Despite the importance of social connection for many important outcomes, less research has experimentally examined how humans connect with those with whom they feel close. The strongest insights into the biological bases of social connection come from animal research showing that social bonds rely on the same neurochemicals that support general motivation. One neurochemical, opioids, has received increased attention in recent years with the rise of pharmacological methods to manipulate opioids in humans. This paper reviews emerging findings to show that opioids affect social feelings, behaviors, and perceptions in both positive and negative social experiences and concludes with translational implications of such findings. Future work should consider the subjective feelings of social connection felt during interactions with close social contacts to further understanding of social connection.

scholarly journals ROLE OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY - A CASE OF INDORE CITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Soma Anil Mishra ◽  
Mayank Saxena ◽  
R.K. Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Theory Review

Urban Transformation is an irreversible process and is bound to happen. The urban spaces also witness change in Social Sustainability with time. The question aroused out of this situation is that whether there is any linkage between Urban Transformation and Social Sustainability. The research paper is about Urban Transformation of Indore city and variation of Social Sustainability therein. Researcher’s aim is to analyze the level of social sustainability which persists along with the Urban Transformation faced in four distinguished locations of Indore city. The four areas are identified according to their social status. The researcher wishes to identify that process of Urban Transformation can make Social Sustainability better or worse despite of having citizens of similar background. Participation of the community, social bonding, cultural homogeneity and many such factors complement the process of Social sustainability. The paper is an effort for creating consciousness among designers of urban environment focusing upon their role as a social human being towards society. Cities should be designed in a manner so that they have proper interaction spaces and promote involvement of citizens for their own safety and security. Social bonds among neighbors develop a sense of responsibility in citizens. It should be taken care of and monitored as the conditions of society change along with Urban Transformation. To achieve the above objective, researcher has discussed various experts’ points of view regarding Urban Transformation and Social Sustainability. Then a field study is prepared complementing the theory review. The study comprises of ground observations and analysis of questionnaire, which is prepared to have residents’ view regarding Urban Transformation and Social Sustainability. The questionnaire is weighed in five point Likert scale. Later the results are subjected to statistical analysis for testing the hypotheses.

Music, groove, and play

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Group Action ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Musical Performance ◽  
Group Coherence ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Savage et al. include groove and dance among musical features which enhance social bonds and group coherence. I discuss groove as grounded in structure and performance, and relate musical performance to play in nonhuman animals and humans. The interplay of individuals' contributions with group action is proposed as the common link between music and play as contributors to social bonding.

Evolution of cooperation under the influence of environments on individual-performed interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (08) ◽  
pp. 1850070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghai Cui ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Yancun Yang ◽  
Jiahao Xu ◽  
Hongyong Yang
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Random Networks ◽  
Network Environment ◽  
Environment Changes ◽  
Average Payoff ◽  
Spatial Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Shed Light

Traditionally, individual intensities to perform games are always assumed to be fixed in networks (e.g. to depend on the number of their neighbors). However, to increase their own fitness or payoffs, individuals may adjust their intensities in reaction to external environment changes in real scenarios. With this motivation, we have studied this adjustment by considering the average payoff of individual neighbors to be the network environment in a spatial prisoner’s dilemma game. An individual will unilaterally increase (decrease) its intensity to perform games between itself and its neighbors when its payoff is greater than or equal to (lower than) the average payoff of its neighbors. Compared with the normal situation, we find that individual cooperation is significantly facilitated either on the cooperator fraction or the effective cooperation fraction when the environment-induced intensity adjustment is considered, and the value of intensity adjustment per time has a positive influence on the maintenance of cooperation. Evolution snapshots and a formulated typical schematic are used to explain the results. We find that cooperation behaviors are enhanced because of the existence of defectors with lower intensities who are near the boundaries between cooperator and defector clusters. Finally, the promotion is also validated in random networks. We hope that our results may shed light on a greater understanding of the role of individual adaptive behaviors in reaction to network environments in the maintenance of cooperation in societies.

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