Verb-verb complexes in Avar

2021 ◽  
pp. 471-496
Author(s):  
Hisanari Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Verb Second ◽  
The Third ◽  
Restricted Number ◽  
Main Verb

This chapter discusses syntactic V-V complexes involving a semantically main verb in the nonfinite form (first verb) and a syntactically main verb (second verb) in Avar. Avar employs no morphological V-V complexes. Avar syntactic V-V complexes include periphrastic tense forms, V-V complexes whose tense is indicated by a first verb, and V-V complexes whose tense is denoted by a second verb. The third type of V-V complexes uses twenty-eight second verbs. Most of them are also used as lexical verbs. Twenty-three of these second verbs do not change the number of arguments of first verbs. They are mostly used to express aspectual or modal meaning. Some of them are only employed with a restricted number of first verbs. Some second verbs permit bi-absolutive constructions. There are two types of bi-absolutive constructions. Avar second verbs tend to immediately follow first verbs, but other word orders are possible.

Causation, Explanation, and the Metaphysics of Aspect

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Skow
Keyword(s):  
Background Condition ◽  
Structural Explanation ◽  
Levels Of Explanation ◽  
Lexical Aspect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In Virtue Of

This book aims to answer the following questions: what is the difference between a cause and a background condition? What is it to manifest a disposition? Can dispositions be extrinsic? What is the most basic kind of causation? And, what might a structural explanation be? Each chapter takes up a subset of these questions; the chapters are written to be readable independently. The answers defended rely on three ideas. Two of those ideas use a distinction from the study of lexical aspect, namely the distinction between stative verbs and non-stative verbs. The first idea is that events go with non-stative verbs, in the sense that “If S, then an event occurred in virtue of the fact that S” is true when the main verb in the clause going in for “S” is non-stative. The second is that acting, doing something, goes with non-stative verbs, in the sense that “In Ving X did something” is true iff V is a non-stative verb. The third idea is about levels of explanation: “(A because B) because C” does not entail “A because C.”

scholarly journals A corpus study of verbs in opinion articles of The Jakarta Post and the relation with text characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Ikmi Nur Oktavianti ◽  
Asmad Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Material Type ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Verb Classification

As one of the text categories, opinion texts have distinctive characteristics compared to any other texts in newspapers, including the choice of verb usage. This study then aims at preliminarily examining the verbs used in opinion articles in The Jakarta Post to find out the relation between frequency and text characteristics. This study collected the opinion articles of The Jakarta Post comprising 47.143 words. This study was assisted by Lancsbox to store the corpus of opinion section texts, to identify the verb lemmas, and to count the frequency of verbs. The verbs found in this study were then classified based on Scheibman’s main verb classification (which is based on Halliday’s and Dixon’s verb types). The results of the study show that there are three most frequent verb types used in opinion texts in The Jakarta Post; they are material, verbal, and feeling verb types. Meanwhile, the lesser frequent ones are perception, possessive/relational, relational, and cognition verbs types. Meanwhile, the least frequent verb types are existential, corporeal and perception/relational verbs types. As opinion text conveys the argument of the writer, it is plausible to find feeling verb type belongs to the third most frequent types, along with material type to show concrete actions and verbal type to report the information. These frequencies exhibit that there is a firm relationship between text characteristics and the tendency of verb choice.

The Use of the Verb Dare in Blends between the Modal and Main Verb Constructions

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duffley
Keyword(s):  
Normal Forms ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Third Person

It is a well-known fact that the verb dare can be used with either modal or main verb characteristics both in its inflection and in its syntax. When used as a modal, it drops the -s ending in the third person singular present indicative (She dare not mention it in his presence), has no imperative, infinitive or participial forms, takes direct negation by not, AUX-inverts in questions (Dare I ask you another question?) and is followed by the bare infinitive. In main verb use, on the other hand, it has all the normal forms of the verb, occurs with do auxiliary in negatives and interrogatives, and is construed with the to infinitive (She doesn’t dare to mention it in his presence).

scholarly journals Error analysis of the students’ English written descriptive text

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-217
Author(s):  
Misla Nadya ◽  
Kismullah Abdul Muthalib
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Modal Auxiliaries ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Writing Errors ◽  
Omission Errors

Making errors is a natural process of learning. Writing as a productive skill is important for students to express their ideas. However, students conducted errors in the productive skills. Therefore, this study is intended to find out types of errors made by students in written English. This study employed the qualitative method where the Error Analysis was implemented. The subject of this study is students in first grade of SMAN 1 Abdya and the object of this study were the errors found in written English. The population of this research was all of students in first grade which consists of 208 students from all study programs where 25 % of the populations were taken as the sample. To collect the data, written tests were conducted. The written test shows the percentage of writing errors, including omission errors, which is 58.38%, misformation errors with a total of 16.48%, misordering error 13.89%, and addition of 11.26%. The errors were found when students omitted 'to be' as main verb. Second, students tend to add 'to' after modal auxiliaries such as 'can' or 'will'. Third, misformation errors happened when students could not form the verb correctly. Last, the misordering errors were produced when students put words randomly. Consequently, it was discovered that the errors made by students were impacted by their native language, and this is the interlanguage move.

The rightward movement of complements and adjuncts in the Old English of Beowulf

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Pintzuk ◽  
Anthony S. Kroch
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Verb Movement ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
English Poem ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Rightward Movement

ABSTRACTAlthough it has generally been recognized that Old English was a verb-final language with verb-seconding, the existence of clauses with main verb complements and adjuncts appearing after the otherwise clause-final verb seems to contradict the hypothesis that the language was strictly verb-final in underlying structure. There are three possible analyses to explain these clauses: variable word order in the base, leftward verb movement, and rightward movement of NPs and PPs. In this article, we demonstrate that only the third analysis adequately explains the data of the Early Old English poem Beowulf. Moreover, by investigating the mapping between syntactic structures and metrical units, we provide evidence for two types of rightward movement with two distinct structures: heavy NP shift, with a characteristic major intonational boundary between the main verb and the postposed NP, and PP extraposition, where the intonational boundary was much less common.

scholarly journals Applied Error Analysis of Written Production of English Essays of Tenth Grade Students in Ajloun Schools, Jordan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas Ali Suleiman Zawahreh
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Written Production ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Lexical Items

The objective of this study was investigating the written English errors of tenth grade students in females and males schools in Ajloun, Jordan. It was conducted on purpose of  identifying the written errors of English committed by the tenth grade, estimating the predominant errors and the least ones and explaining the causes of the written errors of English committed by the tenth grade students The sample of study consisted of 350 students selected randomly from group of schools in Ajloun. The students were asked to write a free essay about " A journey to the ancient city of Jerash in Jordan" in an ordinary English language exercise in the class. Then the essays collected and analyzed depending on a table of errors adopted from a Ph.D. of ( wakkad,1980).The findings were: First, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students in Ajloun schools within morphology were errors of lack of agreement between subject and the main verb. Second, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students in Ajloun schools within function words were errors of insertion of prepositions. Third, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students within syntax were errors of omission of the main verb. Fourth, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students within tenses were errors of using present instead of past. Fifth, the most predominant errors among tenth grade students within lexical items were errors of lexical items wrongly used in place of others. 

Progress report on 21-cm observations at low latitude between longitudes (l 11) 0° and 66°

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
W. W. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Introductory Lecture ◽  
Centre Region

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Basis Vector ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV> for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV>. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

Probe size and 5th-order aberration

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 134-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Shao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Cylindrical Symmetry ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Probe Radius ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Probe Size

A small electron probe has many applications in many fields and in the case of the STEM, the probe size essentially determines the ultimate resolution. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining a very small probe.Spherical aberration is one of them and all existing probe forming systems have non-zero spherical aberration. The ultimate probe radius is given byδ = 0.43Csl/4ƛ3/4where ƛ is the electron wave length and it is apparent that δ decreases only slowly with decreasing Cs. Scherzer pointed out that the third order aberration coefficient always has the same sign regardless of the field distribution, provided only that the fields have cylindrical symmetry, are independent of time and no space charge is present. To overcome this problem, he proposed a corrector consisting of octupoles and quadrupoles.

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