UK Fiscal Squeezes over a Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hood ◽  
Rozana Himaz
Keyword(s):  
Data Sources ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Deficit Reduction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Spending Cuts ◽  
Over Time

This chapter draws on historical statistics reporting financial outcomes for spending, taxation, debt, and deficit for the UK over a century to (a) identify quantitatively and compare the main fiscal squeeze episodes (i.e. major revenue increases, spending cuts, or both) in terms of type (soft squeezes and hard squeezes, spending squeezes, and revenue squeezes), depth, and length; (b) compare these periods of austerity against measures of fiscal consolidation in terms of deficit reduction; and (c) identify economic and financial conditions before and after the various squeezes. It explores the extent to which the identification of squeeze episodes and their classification is sensitive to which thresholds are set and what data sources are used. The chapter identifies major changes over time that emerge from this analysis over the changing depth and types of squeeze.

Living within our means: The UK news construction of the austerity frame over time

Journalism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Basu
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

In 2008, the financial crisis exploded onto the global scene, causing a world-wide recession and damage to public finances. Governments quickly switched from fiscal stimulus to retrenchment. Despite economic stagnation, falling living standards and rising not falling government debt, rulers have stuck to their austerity guns since then. Arguably, the mainstream media have played a central role in communicating austerity to publics. This article analyses the framing of austerity by the UK media over time, from the financial meltdown of 2008 until late 2015. It charts the emergence of a fledgeling austerity narrative from before the term was in common use, the establishment of a dominant austerity frame in 2009, the building of the frame before and after the 2010 elections and the fluctuations within the frame after 2010. It finds that, although there are considerable differences among the five outlets studied and changes over time, the central message overall has been that some degree of austerity is painful but necessary, and the general population is constructed as obliged to pay for the crisis.

scholarly journals Oral rehydration therapies in Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone: a spatial analysis of changes over time and implications for policy

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten E. Wiens ◽  
Lauren E. Schaeffer ◽  
Samba O. Sow ◽  
Babacar Ndoye ◽  
Carrie Jo Cain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Geostatistical Model ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a simple intervention that can prevent childhood deaths from severe diarrhea and dehydration. In a previous study, we mapped the use of ORS treatment subnationally and found that ORS coverage increased over time, while the use of home-made alternatives or recommended home fluids (RHF) decreased, in many countries. These patterns were particularly striking within Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone. It was unclear, however, whether ORS replaced RHF in these locations or if children were left untreated, and if these patterns were associated with health policy changes. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from household surveys to map the percentage of children with diarrhea that received (1) any ORS, (2) only RHF, or (3) no oral rehydration treatment between 2000 and 2018. This approach allowed examination of whether RHF was replaced with ORS before and after interventions, policies, and external events that may have impacted healthcare access. Results We found that RHF was replaced with ORS in most Sierra Leone districts, except those most impacted by the Ebola outbreak. In addition, RHF was replaced in northern but not in southern Mali, and RHF was not replaced anywhere in Senegal. In Senegal, there was no statistical evidence that a national policy promoting ORS use was associated with increases in coverage. In Sierra Leone, ORS coverage increased following a national policy change that abolished health costs for children. Conclusions Children in parts of Mali and Senegal have been left behind during ORS scale-up. Improved messaging on effective diarrhea treatment and/or increased ORS access such as through reducing treatment costs may be needed to prevent child deaths in these areas.

scholarly journals Stability of recall of military hazards over time

2003 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wessely ◽  
C. Unwin ◽  
M. Hotopf ◽  
L. Hull ◽  
K. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundWartime traumatic events are related to subsequent psychological and physical health, but quantifying the association is problematic. Memory changes over time and is influenced by psychological status.AimsTo use a large, two-stage cohort study of members of the UK armed forces to study changes in recall of both traumatic and ‘toxic’ hazards.MethodA questionnaire-based follow-up study assessed 2370 UK military personnel, repeating earlier questions about exposure to military hazards.ResultsThe κ statistics for reporting of hazards were good for some exposures, but very low for others. Gulf veterans reported more exposures over time (no significant rise in the Bosnia cohort). In the Gulf cohort only, reporting new exposures was associated with worsening health perception, and forgetting previously reported exposures with improved perception. We found no association between physical health, psychological morbidity or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and endorsement or non-endorsement of exposures.ConclusionsReporting of military hazards after a conflict is not static, and is associated with current self-rated perception of health. Self-report of exposures associated with media publicity needs to be treated with caution.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Implementation of a UK School-Based Running Program

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Anna E. Chalkley ◽  
Ash C. Routen ◽  
Jo P. Harris ◽  
Lorraine A. Cale ◽  
Trish Gorely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
School Year ◽  
School Based ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Over Time

The adoption of school-based running programs has rapidly increased over the last five years in the UK and globally. However, there is currently a lack of information on how these initiatives are implemented, and whether they are generalizable and/or sustainable. This study evaluated the implementation (including reach, fidelity, and dose) of a school-based running program over seven months to inform future delivery. This observational study used a mixed-method, single-group, before-and-after design strengthened by multiple interim measurements to evaluate the implementation of an optional school-based running program. Five state-funded primary schools in Leicestershire, UK, participated, with 17 teachers and 189 (81 boys (47.4%) and 90 girls (52.6%)) Year 5 pupils (aged 9–10 years) from eight classes. During the 2016/2017 academic year, data were collected via several measures (including interviews, focus groups, observations, questionnaires, and teacher implementation logs) at multiple levels (i.e., school and individual) and at multiple time points during implementation. Follow up qualitative data were also collected during 2017/2018. The school-based running program achieved good reach, with 100% of pupils opting to participate at some point during the academic year. All schools implemented the program with good fidelity, although the level of implementation varied between schools and over time. The average number of sessions held per week ranged from 0.94–3.89 with the average distance accumulated per pupil per week ranging from 0.02 to 2.91 kilometers and boys being more likely than girls to be classed as high-level participators. Despite an initial drop off in participation over time, all schools remained engaged in the program and continued to implement it until the end of the school year. Contextual features (e.g., staff capacity and resources) differed between schools and influenced the quality of implementation and the frequency of delivery. The school-based running program is simple, inexpensive, and versatile and can be implemented by schools with relative ease. However, schools are diverse settings, with unique challenges to ongoing delivery. Thus, planned adaptations, specific to each school’s context, are likely necessary to sustain participation in the longer term and should be considered prior to implementation.

scholarly journals Effects of Vocal Training on Students’ Voices in a Professional Drama School

OTO Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473974X1986638
Author(s):  
Jacob I. Tower ◽  
Lynn Acton ◽  
Jessica Wolf ◽  
Walton Wilson ◽  
Nwanmegha Young
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Voice Handicap Index ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Facility ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Vocal Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vocal training on acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of student actors’ voices. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary medical facility speech and swallow center. Subjects and Methods Acoustic, aerodynamic, and Voice Handicap Index–10 measures were collected from 14 first-year graduate-level drama students before and after a standard vocal training program and analyzed for changes over time. Results Among the aerodynamic measures that were collected, mean expiratory airflow was significantly reduced after vocal training. Among the acoustic measures that were collected, mean fundamental frequency was significantly increased after vocal training. On average, Voice Handicap Index–10 scores were unchanged after vocal training. Conclusion The cohort of drama students undergoing vocal training demonstrated improvements in voice aerodynamics, which indicate enhanced glottal efficiency after training. The present study also found an increased average fundamental frequency among the actors during sustained voicing and no changes in jitter and shimmer despite frequent performance.

Scotland as a Political Community

2020 ◽  
pp. xx-19
Author(s):  
Michael Keating
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Homogeneous Unit

Modern perspectives on Scotland see it neither as an undifferentiated part of a unitary nation state, nor as a radically distinct or ‘ethnic’ community. Rather it is a component nation within a union, which itself changes over time. Since the late twentieth century, Scotland has become more important as a political community and at the end of the century it gained an autonomous Parliament. It is not a homogeneous unit but a space in which political contestation takes place. Even as it increasingly resembles the rest of the UK in its economic and social structures and values, it is politically differentiated. Devolution in 1999 started an institutional dynamic whose effects are still being worked out. Scotland now has a distinct party system. Its constitutional future is unresolved after the independence referendum of 2014 and the European referendum of 2016, in which Scotland voted to remain in the European Union whilst England and Wales voted to leave.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Relief and Residual Low Back Pain After Discectomy in Patients With Lumbar Disc Herniation: Analysis Using a Detailed Visual Analogue Scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Yasuchika Aoki ◽  
Masahiro Inoue ◽  
Junya Saito ◽  
Arata Nakajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Lumbar Disc Herniation ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Affected Side ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Recently, several authors have reported favorable results in low back pain (LBP) for patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) treated with discectomy. However, detailed changes over time in the characteristics and location of LBP before and after discectomy for LDH remain unclear. To clarify these points, we conducted an observational study to evaluate the detailed characteristics and location of LBP before and after discectomy for LDH, using detailed and bilateral visual analog scales (VAS).Methods: Sixty-five patients with LDH treated with discectomy were included in this study. A detailed VAS for LBP was administered under 3 different postural conditions: in-motion, standing, and sitting. Bilateral VAS was also administered (affected versus opposite side) for LBP, lower extremity pain (LEP), and lower extremity numbness (LEN). The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to quantify clinical status. Changes over time in these VAS and ODI were investigated. Pfirrmann classification and Modic change as seen by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed before and 1 year after discectomy to evaluate disc and endplate condition.Results: Before surgery, LBP on the affected side in motion were significantly higher than LBP while sitting. This heightened LBP on the affected side in motion was significantly improved after discectomy. On the other hand, the residual LBP while sitting at 1 year after surgery was significantly higher than the LBP in motion or while standing. At 1 year following discectomy, residual LBP while sitting was significantly greater in cases showing larger changes in Pfirrmann grade or Modic type.Conclusions: Improvement of LBP on the affected side while in motion following discectomy suggests that radicular LBP is improved by nerve root decompression. Furthermore, the finding that residual LBP while sitting is reflective of the load and pressure put on the disc and endplate.

scholarly journals Inequalities in dental caries in children within the UK: Have there been changes over time?

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Masood ◽  
George Mnatzaganian ◽  
Sarah R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Information Integration System and its Implementation Based on Semantic

2014 ◽  
Vol 533 ◽  
pp. 440-443
Author(s):  
Gang Huang ◽  
Xiu Ying Wu ◽  
Man Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
End User ◽  
Integration System ◽  
Integration Problems ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Due to information integration system is a need to focus on different periods independently designed data sources and a unified information system to provide their data to the end user, so it will inevitably encounter data changes over time to bring the knowledge of information contained, the concept will be certain changes in circumstances occur. This paper analyzes the semantic-oriented information integration systems and solutions proposed to consider the full range of semantic information integration problems at different stages of the primary purposes of information integration systems.

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