Evaluative Perception as Response-Dependent Representation

Author(s):  
Paul Noordhof

One dimension of the controversy over whether evaluative properties are presented in perceptual content has general roots in the debate over whether perceptual content, in general, is rich or austere. This chapter argues that we need to recognize a level of rich non-sensory perceptual content, drawing on experiences of chicken sexing and speech perception, to capture what our experience is like and our epistemic entitlements. In both cases (and many others), we are not conscious of the precise perceptual cues that are the basis for discriminations and, thus, the characterization of the phenomenal content of such experiences must go beyond sensory properties. Nevertheless, this point is arguably insufficient to establish the perception of evaluative properties. Their representation requires the subject to respond in certain ways. The chapter discusses how this should go for the case of pain and then, in outline, for moral properties.

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.


2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hoffjan

This study introduces content analysis as a method of examining the accountant's role. The empirical study is based on 73 advertisements, which are directed primarily at employees who are affected by the management accountant's work. The findings of the study indicate that the subject of accountancy is used particularly in connection with promises of “cost reduction.” Consequently, the majority of advertisements use the accountant stereotype of “savings personified.” In a professional context, the work ethic of the management accountant is given particular emphasis in the advertisements. He/she identifies him/herself with his/her task to the maximum degree, is regarded as loyal to his/her company and, for the most part, is well organized in his/her work. However, the characterization of the management accountant as a well disciplined company-person conflicts with the negative portrayal of his/her professional qualities. In advertisements, the management accountant is portrayed as a rather inflexible, passive, and uncreative specialist who, as a result of these qualities, often demotivates others. The personal characteristics of the management accountant are shown in a negative light. This gives him/her the unappealing image of a humorless, envious, dissociated, and ascetic corporate-person.


2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 1449-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Montiel Olea ◽  
Tomasz Strzalecki

Abstract This article provides an axiomatic characterization of quasi-hyperbolic discounting and a more general class of semi-hyperbolic preferences. We impose consistency restrictions directly on the intertemporal trade-offs by relying on what we call “annuity compensations.” Our axiomatization leads naturally to an experimental design that disentangles discounting from the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. In a pilot experiment we use the partial identification approach to estimate bounds for the distributions of discount factors in the subject pool. Consistent with previous studies, we find evidence for both present and future bias.


1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Riedel

Let X(t) be a homogeneous and continuous stochastic process with independent increments. The subject of this paper is to characterize the stable process by two identically distributed stochastic integrals formed by means of X(t) (in the sense of convergence in probability). The proof of the main results is based on a modern extension of the Phragmén-Lindelöf theory.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2077-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Assan ◽  
Alexia Baudic ◽  
Ali Guemri ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Valerie Gros ◽  
...  

Abstract. Due to increased demand for an understanding of CH4 emissions from industrial sites, the subject of cross sensitivities caused by absorption from multiple gases on δ13CH4 and C2H6 measured in the near-infrared spectral domain using CRDS has become increasingly important. Extensive laboratory tests are presented here, which characterize these cross sensitivities and propose corrections for the biases they induce. We found methane isotopic measurements to be subject to interference from elevated C2H6 concentrations resulting in heavier δ13CH4 by +23.5 ‰ per ppm C2H6 ∕ ppm CH4. Measured C2H6 is subject to absorption interference from a number of other trace gases, predominantly H2O (with an average linear sensitivity of 0.9 ppm C2H6 per  % H2O in ambient conditions). Yet, this sensitivity was found to be discontinuous with a strong hysteresis effect and we suggest removing H2O from gas samples prior to analysis. The C2H6 calibration factor was calculated using a GC and measured as 0.5 (confirmed up to 5 ppm C2H6). Field tests at a natural gas compressor station demonstrated that the presence of C2H6 in gas emissions at an average level of 0.3 ppm shifted the isotopic signature by 2.5 ‰, whilst after calibration we find that the average C2H6 : CH4 ratio shifts by +0.06. These results indicate that, when using such a CRDS instrument in conditions of elevated C2H6 for CH4 source determination, it is imperative to account for the biases discussed within this study.


Author(s):  
M J Darlington ◽  
S J Culley

The design requirement is a description of the desired solution to a problem. In engineering design, as in all other, a clear expression of a well-formulated design goal is vital for successful and efficient completion of the design task. The nature of the design requirement and the processes by which it is achieved have been the subject of a wide variety of research. The purpose of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it sets out to collate and discuss representative research in this area in order to give an overview of the current scope of the work. Secondly, it seeks to draw a comparison with the task of developing the design requirement for software and information systems and to initiate a discussion that considers to what extent the substantial body of research in software requirements engineering might help to give an understanding of the design requirement for the engineering design domain. A tentative characterization of the differences between the tasks in the two domains is presented, and representative papers from requirements engineering are used to suggest areas of overlap as a starting point for further investigation.


PMLA ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-794
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Fucilla

Guillén de Castro in his Mocedades del Cid presents us with a characterization of his hero which differs radically from the Cid of the Romancero and the Crónicas. He transforms the renowned medieval warrior into a courtly knight. Ernest Mérimée in the Première Partie des Mocedades del Cid de Guillen de Castro (Toulouse, 1890, page cvi) takes note of the metamorphosis and attributes it to the playwright's inventive genius. But in his brochure, The Cid Theme in France in 1600 (Minneapolis, 1920), Gustave L. Van Robsbroeck casts some doubt on this point of view by bringing to light a novel by Antoine Du Périer, La Eayne et l'Amour d'Arnoul et de Clayremonde (Paris, 1600), containing features similar to the Castro story including the element of courtliness, which, of course, obviously antedate the play. His conclusion is that “There existed a common source—probably a Spanish source—for both the Eayne et L'Amour d'Arnoul et de Clayremonde and Las Mocedades del Cid” (p. 15). Barbara Matulka further enlarges on the subject in her The Cid as a Courtly Hero: from Amadis to Corneille (New York, 1928, pp. 6–40). She notes an early treatment of the courtly Cid theme in Feliciano de Silva's Florisel de Niquea (1532–51) representing books x, xi, and xii of the Amadis series, and cites Jimenez de Ayllon's Los Famosos y Herôicos Hechos del Invencible Cavallero el Cid Ruy Diaz de Bivar (1568) to show that the Cid had been introduced to court prior to the Mocedades and to point out that Ayllon's epic contains situations and details similar to those found in the play. These works, Miss Matulka claims, have been influential through intermediary links between them and our dramatic piece. There is no question but that she is partially correct in her contention, and this we shall endeavor to prove through the discussion of materials which she failed to utilize at the time she made her investigation.


Author(s):  
Mara Fernandes Da Silva ◽  
Alice Delerue Matos ◽  
Susana Henriques

 Peer education interventions have grown significantly in recent decades, but sociological studies on the subject are limited. To respond to this need, we carried out an exhaustive inventory and characterization of 67 peer education projects developed in Portugal. The information given by the project managers was processed using a content analysis technique. This practice is growing, benefiting from public and private promotion. Although it has demonstrated some efficacy, further improvements can be made. The characterization undertaken allowed us to build a typology that summarizes this practice and that can be useful for researchers and practitioners in a context of globalization of risks and increased social intervention and reflexivity.  


Author(s):  
Fernanda MAGALHÃES

<p>RESUMEN: En las últimas tres décadas han sido realizadas en Braga, dentro del «Proyecto de Salvamente de Bracara Augusta», una serie de trabajos de campos que han proporcionado abundante información arqueológica, lo que nos permitir analizar pormenorizadamente la arquitectura doméstica de la ciudad. Estos datos van a posibilitar el estudio y caracterización de algunos edificios y cuarterones de Bracara Augusta. A pesar de los numerosos restos de estructuras de habitación que han sido identificados en las distintas intervenciones, el presente estudio se limitará a examinar un único tipo de casa: la domus. En primer lugar, procuraremos contextualizar debidamente este tipo de casa. Seguidamente analizaremos las partes orgánicas asociadas a la representación y circulación, de tal forma que podamos caracterizar tanto sus formas y construcciones, como sus funciones.</p><p>ABSTRACT: In the last three decades were held in Braga within the «Projeto Salvamento de Bracara Augusta» a set of excavations, which have provided significant data allowing to analyze the subject of domestic architecture. This data will enable the study and characterization of some houses and quarters of Bracara Augusta. Although the wide archeological record related with private architecture this study is limited to the analysis of a single type of house, the domus. We intend to contextualize this type of house and to analyze its organic spaces associated to the representation and circulation in order to highlight their formal constructive and functional specificities.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Valentim ◽  
Matilde Gonçalves

No estudo aqui proposto sobre a intensificação em português europeu, pretende-se identificar e descrever algumas configurações linguísticas em comentários em linha, que, em articulação com as características discursivo-textuais, convergem para a caracterização deste género. Nesta perspetiva, a intensificação é abordada enquanto fenómeno discursivo-textual, com um enfoque na relevância que as formas e construções linguísticas têm enquanto marcadoras de valores traduzíveis num grau elevado de uma propriedade ou de um efeito de sentido a par com a forte manifestação do sujeito, uma característica do género comentário. This study focuses on intensification in European Portuguese. Its aim is to identify and describe some linguistic configurations in online comments, which, in conjunction with the discursive-textual characteristics, converge for the characterization of this textual genre. In this perspective, the intensification is approached here as a discursive-textual phenomenon, with a focus on the relevance that linguistic forms and constructions have as markers of values of a high degree of a property or of an effect of meaning along with the strong manifestation of the subject, which is, in itself, a characteristic of the commentary genre. La présente étude sur l'intensification en portugais européen porte sur l'identification et la description de certaines configurations linguistiques dans les commentaires en ligne, qui, en conjonction avec les caractéristiques discursives-textuelles, convergent vers la caractérisation de cette pratique textuelle. Dans cette perspective, l'intensification est abordée comme un phénomène discursif-textuel, avec un accent sur la pertinence que les formes et constructions linguistiques ont comme marqueurs de valeurs traduisibles à un degré élevé d'une propriété ou d'un effet de sens avec le fort manifestation du sujet, caractéristique du genre du commentaire. Le choix pour l'analyse d'un corpus de commentaires se doit au cadre de la recherche menée au sein du Groupe Gramática & Texto, qui, dans la première phase du projet, a réuni un corpus de commentaires en ligne, G&T.Comenta, d'où provient le corpus ici analysé. En el estudio que aquí se propone sobre la intensificación en portugués europeo, se pretende identificar y describir algunas configuraciones lingüísticas en los comentarios online, que, en conjunto con las características discursivo-textuales, convergen en la caracterización de este género. En esta perspectiva, la intensificación se aborda como un fenómeno discursivo-textual, con un enfoque en la relevancia que tienen las formas y construcciones lingüísticas como marcadores de valores traducibles en un alto grado de una propiedad o efecto de significado junto con la fuerte manifestación del sujeto, una característica del género del comentario. La elección para el análisis de un corpus de comentarios se debe al encuadre de este estudio en el ámbito de la investigación realizada dentro del Grupo Gramática & Texto, que, en la primera fase del proyecto, reunió un corpus de comentarios online, Comentarios de G&T., De donde se tomó el corpus aquí analizado.


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