Current research in the engineering design requirement

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Darlington ◽  
S J Culley
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Software Requirements ◽  
Design Domain ◽  
Design Requirement ◽  
Design Task ◽  
Design Goal ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject

The design requirement is a description of the desired solution to a problem. In engineering design, as in all other, a clear expression of a well-formulated design goal is vital for successful and efficient completion of the design task. The nature of the design requirement and the processes by which it is achieved have been the subject of a wide variety of research. The purpose of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it sets out to collate and discuss representative research in this area in order to give an overview of the current scope of the work. Secondly, it seeks to draw a comparison with the task of developing the design requirement for software and information systems and to initiate a discussion that considers to what extent the substantial body of research in software requirements engineering might help to give an understanding of the design requirement for the engineering design domain. A tentative characterization of the differences between the tasks in the two domains is presented, and representative papers from requirements engineering are used to suggest areas of overlap as a starting point for further investigation.

scholarly journals The specifi cs of Monotheism (tawhid) as “a thing-in-itself”. On the Evolution of Islamic Theology in the Late Russian Empire

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 866-882
Author(s):  
D. R. Gilmutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Epistemology ◽  
Dynamic Characterization ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The Subject

In this paper, we will try to give a dynamic characterization of the object and the subject of Modern theology among the Tatar Muslims on the exemplar of the theological views of ‘Abdunnasīr Qursavi (1776–1812), Shihabutdin Marjani (1818–1889) and Murad Ramzi (1854–1934) (and partly of their contemporaries). The incognizability of the Creator and the faith as “a thing-in-itself” transformed Tatar Religious Epistemology into the cognition of more defi nite realities. Agnosticism in the question of God’s attributes led to the anthropocentric features of theological worldviews. The above-mentioned chain of theologians demonstrates not only the continuity of the Tatar Theology, but also refl ects the dynamics of the evolution of the attitude towards the madhhabs and towards the role of an individual, the specifi cs of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidiya Sufi brotherhood, as well as the Ottoman ‘usul fi qh’ in the modernization period of the early XVIII century. In general, the works of Qursavi constitute a certain system of views that can be considered as a certain cornerstone, the so-called ‘starting point’ of Tatar School of Theology.

scholarly journals DESIGN LEARNING AND THE ASSESSMENT OF INSTRUCTION

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. R. Fauvel ◽  
C. R. Johnston ◽  
D. J. Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Student Rating ◽  
Design Learning ◽  
The Subject

The accreditation of engineering design components of the curriculum is based upon a characterization of design as “… creative, iterative, and often open-ended …”1. The Universal Student Rating of Instruction (USRI) is based upon a composite of expectations including those involving: organization, detail in course outline, responses to questions, opportunities for assistance, evaluation methods, and perception of instruction. In this paper we examine the competing nature of these two characterizations. Even the most casual perusal of the questions posed by the USRI reveals that the premise underlying this instrument is one that clearly (albeit implicitly) points to a number of expectations. The nature of the subject matter, the nature of the learning process, the learning environment, the role of the student, that of the instructor, and that of the relationships between all of these are all assumed to benefit from adherence to a particular pre-ordained form. Specifically, the curriculum is perceived to consist of a body of facts, the learning process involves a transfer of these facts from instructor to student, the role of the student is passive, and responsibility for learning is the sole preserve of the instructor. The authors hold that this most sterile and simplistic set of expectations is fundamentally at odds with what should be happening in a design course. In this paper we juxtapose the nature of design and design learning with the teaching algorithm underlying the USRI.

أسلوب التعليل القرآني وبعض آثاره التعليمية (The Principles of Qur’anic Argumentation and Its Educational Effects)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
رضوان جمال الأطرش ◽  
نجوى نايف شكوكاني
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
New Age ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Education Process

        الملخّص      هدف هذا البحث إبراز إمكانية التأثر العملي بأسلوب التعليل في القرآن الكريم، ومحاولة البحث في تطبيقاته في واقع العملية التعليمية من العالم والمتعلم، بحيث لم يقتصر على الدراسة اللغوية أو الأصولية النظرية؛ وخصوصاً بعد التعريف بهذا الأسلوب وأدواته وأهميته وبيان اللوازم الخاصة للعالم والمتعلم للتأثر به، وقد تم ذلك من خلال استخدام المنهج الاستقرائي بتتبع أعمال العلماء في ذلك وتم رصد أقوال المفسرين فيما يتعلق بالأساليب البيانية وآيات التعليل ووجوه الإعجاز القرآني، ومن ثم استُخدم المنهج التحليلي لإثبات ذلك الأثر وإثبات وجود إشارات وأدلة على مظاهر التأثر؛ واستنتاج حقيقة إمكانية استمرارية البحث في كل أدوات وآيات ومواضيع ذلك الأسلوب بنفس الطريقة التي تمّ طرحُها، مما يثري هذا المجال، ويفتح العقول ويدفعها للنظر والتدبر والبحث في آي القرآن، وفي كل المناحي، منطلقةً من فكر التجديد، والإفادة من مستجدات العصر وعلومه ضمن ضوابط العقيدة الغراء والشرع الحنيف. الكلمات المفتاحية: أسلوب التعليل، أدوات أسلوب التعليل، التدبر، التعليم التقليدي، أثر.  Abstract This study intends to highlight the possible practical impact of the principles of argumentation found in the Qur’an. The study attempts to apply the principles on the actual education process of the scholars and students without limiting it to linguistic studies or theoretical principles. This was done after introducing the principles of reasoning, its tools, its importance, and disclosing the special requirements for the scholars and students in order to be influenced by the latter principles.  The work used inductive method to track the works of the scholars on the subject and observe the opinions of the Qur’an-commentators in relation to principles of explanation, verses of argument, and aspects of Qur’anic Inimitability. Analytical method was used to establish the impacts of the Qur’anic arguments; to prove the presence of signs and evidences for the manifestation of the impacts; and to make the continuity of this research possible in all the tools, verses and topics related to the principles of Qur’anic argument. Among those things that enrich this work is that it opens the minds, and pushes it to ponder and study the verses of the Qur’an. For every direction it becomes the starting point for the innovative thinking, and benefit for the new age and its sciences while maintaining the harmony with the principles of creed and the true SharÊ‘ah. Keywords: Principles of Argumentation, Tools of Argumentation Principles, Thinking, Traditional Education, Effect.

Software Requirements Engineering Methodology

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Richter ◽  
J. D. Mason ◽  
M. W. Alford ◽  
I. F. Burns ◽  
H. A. Helton
Keyword(s):  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Software Requirements

Requirements Prioritization Techniques for Global Software Engineering

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samina Saghir ◽  
Tasleem Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Software Engineering ◽  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Search Tree ◽  
Software Requirements ◽  
Binary Search Tree ◽  
Time Zone ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Requirements Prioritization ◽  
Global Software Engineering ◽  
Hierarchy Process

<p>Increase in globalization of the industry of software requires an exploration of requirements engineering (RE) in software development institutes at multiple locations. Requirements engineering task is very complicated when it is performed at single site, but it becomes too much complex when stakeholder groups define well-designed requirements under language, time zone and cultural limits. Requirements prioritization (RP) is considered as an imperative part of software requirements engineering in which requirements are ranked to develop best-quality software. In this research, a comparative study of the requirements prioritization techniques was done to overcome the challenges initiated by the corporal distribution of stakeholders within the organization at multiple locations. The objective of this study was to make a comparison between five techniques for prioritizing software requirements and to discuss the results for global software engineering. The selected techniques were Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Cumulative Voting (CV), Value Oriented Prioritization (VOP), Binary Search Tree (BST), and Numerical Assignment Technique (NAT). At the end of the research a framework for Global Software Engineering (GSE) was proposed to prioritize the requirements for stakeholders at distributed locations.<strong></strong></p>

The Image of the Accountant in a German Context

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hoffjan
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Management Accountant ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Professional Context

This study introduces content analysis as a method of examining the accountant's role. The empirical study is based on 73 advertisements, which are directed primarily at employees who are affected by the management accountant's work. The findings of the study indicate that the subject of accountancy is used particularly in connection with promises of “cost reduction.” Consequently, the majority of advertisements use the accountant stereotype of “savings personified.” In a professional context, the work ethic of the management accountant is given particular emphasis in the advertisements. He/she identifies him/herself with his/her task to the maximum degree, is regarded as loyal to his/her company and, for the most part, is well organized in his/her work. However, the characterization of the management accountant as a well disciplined company-person conflicts with the negative portrayal of his/her professional qualities. In advertisements, the management accountant is portrayed as a rather inflexible, passive, and uncreative specialist who, as a result of these qualities, often demotivates others. The personal characteristics of the management accountant are shown in a negative light. This gives him/her the unappealing image of a humorless, envious, dissociated, and ascetic corporate-person.

The first century of English protestantism and the growth of national identity

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
First Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Zeal

Their sense of national identity is not something that men have been in the habit of directly recording. Its strength or weakness, in relation to commitment to international causes or to localist sentiment, can often only be inferred by examining political and religious attitudes and personal behaviour. So far as the early modern period is concerned, the subject is hazardous because groups and individuals must have varied enormously in the extent to which national identity meant something to them or influenced their lives. The temptation to generalise must be resisted. It is all too easy to suppose that national identity became well established in England in the Tudor century, when a national culture, based on widespread literacy among gentry, yeomen and townsmen, flowered as it had never done before, when the bible was first generally available in English, when John Foxe produced his celebrated Acts and Monuments, better known as the Book of Martyrs. Recent work reassessing the significance of Foxe’s account of the English reformation and other Elizabethan polemical writings provdes a convenient starting point for this brief investigation of some of the connections between religious zeal and national consciousness between 1558 and 1642.

scholarly journals Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma Ectosomes Reveals the Presence of Cancer-Related Molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Surman ◽  
Sylwia Kędracka-Krok ◽  
Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz ◽  
Urszula Jankowska ◽  
Anna Drożdż ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive type of skin cancer for which effective biomarkers are still needed. Recently, the protein content of extracellular vesicles (ectosomes and exosomes) became increasingly investigated in terms of its functional role in CM and as a source of novel biomarkers; however, the data concerning the proteome of CM-derived ectosomes is very limited. We used the shotgun nanoLC–MS/MS approach to the profile protein content of ectosomes from primary (WM115, WM793) and metastatic (WM266-4, WM1205Lu) CM cell lines. Additionally, the effect exerted by CM ectosomes on recipient cells was assessed in terms of cell proliferation (Alamar Blue assay) and migratory properties (wound healing assay). All cell lines secreted heterogeneous populations of ectosomes enriched in the common set of proteins. A total of 1507 unique proteins were identified, with many of them involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration, escape from apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Isolated ectosomes increased proliferation and motility of recipient cells, likely due to the ectosomal transfer of different cancer-promoting molecules. Taken together, these results confirm the significant role of ectosomes in several biological processes leading to CM development and progression, and might be used as a starting point for further studies exploring their diagnostic and prognostic potential.

scholarly journals Axiomatization and Measurement of Quasi-Hyperbolic Discounting *

2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 1449-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Montiel Olea ◽  
Tomasz Strzalecki
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Partial Identification ◽  
Axiomatic Characterization ◽  
Discount Factors ◽  
Elasticity Of Intertemporal Substitution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Subject Pool ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
The Subject

Abstract This article provides an axiomatic characterization of quasi-hyperbolic discounting and a more general class of semi-hyperbolic preferences. We impose consistency restrictions directly on the intertemporal trade-offs by relying on what we call “annuity compensations.” Our axiomatization leads naturally to an experimental design that disentangles discounting from the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. In a pilot experiment we use the partial identification approach to estimate bounds for the distributions of discount factors in the subject pool. Consistent with previous studies, we find evidence for both present and future bias.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document