Pulling Down the Walls of the World, 1920–1930

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-49
Author(s):  
Simon J. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Short Wave ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Broadcasting ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exchange Material ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

This chapter traces the origins of international broadcasting in the 1920s, examines cooperation among broadcasters working to control and regulate transnational transmissions, and analyses utopian ideas about the impact of radio on the international order. It draws out the early history of cross-border broadcasting and listening and demonstrates that in the first years of radio, all listeners were distant listeners. It explores the technologies of transmission and reception used in international broadcasting during the 1920s. It discusses why many contemporaries thought that broadcasting could encourage international understanding and peace in the wake of the carnage of the First World War. It argues that wireless internationalism found its most obvious expression in this period with the foundation of the International Broadcasting Union (IBU). The IBU encouraged members to exchange material with one another and relay each other’s programmes. Finally, the chapter explores the early history of short-wave broadcasting and relay work, and examines debates about the establishment of a BBC empire service.

Das Projektionsplanetarium als hyperreales Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Hans-Christian von Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Fand Sich ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World ◽  
The Universe

"In den Jahren nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde im Jenaer Zeiss-Werk im Auftrag des Deutschen Museums in München das Projektionsplanetarium als immersives Modell des Universums entwickelt. In ihm hallte eine lange Geschichte von Himmelsgloben, Armillarsphären, Astrolabien und mechanischen Planetarien nach, die seit der Antike als astronomische Demonstrationsobjekte gedient hatten. Erstmals aber fand sich diese Aufgabe nun mit einer Simulation des raum-zeitlichen In-der-Welt-Seins des Menschen verbunden. In the years following the First World War, commissioned by the German Museum in Munich, the projection planetarium was developed as an immersive model of the universe at the Zeiss plant in Jena. In it, a long history of celestial globes, armillary spheres, astrolabes, and mechanical planetaria resonated, which had served as astronomical demonstration objects since ancient times. For the first time, however, this task was associated with a simulation of man’s spaciotemporal being-in-the-world. "

scholarly journals British Catholicism and the British Army in the First World War

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Snape
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The history of British Catholic involvement in the First World War is a curiously neglected subject, particularly in view of the massive and ongoing popular and academic interest in the First World War, an interest which has led to the publication of several studies of the impact of the war on Britain’s Protestant churches and has even seen a recent work on religion in contemporary France appear in an English translation. Moreover, and bearing in mind the partisan nature of much denominational history, the subject has been ignored by Catholic historians despite the fact that the war has often been regarded by non-Catholics as a ‘good’ war for British Catholicism, an outcome reflected in a widening diffusion of Catholic influences on British religious life and also in a significant number of conversions to the Catholic Church. However, if some standard histories of Catholicism in England are to be believed, the popular Catholic experience of these years amount to no more than an irrelevance next to the redrawing of diocesan boundaries and the codification of canon law.

scholarly journals The 1918/19 Spanish Flu in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Raffaele Gaeta ◽  
Antonio Fornaciari ◽  
Valentina Giuffra
Keyword(s):  
Typical Feature ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Pandemic Flu ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The Spanish flu pandemic spread in 1918-19 and infected about 500 million people, killing 50 to 100 million of them. People were suffering from severe poverty and malnutrition, especially in Europe, due to the First World War, and this contributed to the diffusion of the disease. In Italy, Spanish flu appeared in April 1918 with several cases of pulmonary congestion and bronchopneumonia; at the end of the epidemic, about 450.000 people died, causing one of the highest mortality rates in Europe. From the archive documents and the autoptic registers of the Hospital of Pisa, we can express some considerations on the impact of the pandemic on the population of the city and obtain some information about the deceased. In the original necroscopic registers, 43 autopsies were reported with the diagnosis of grippe (i.e. Spanish flu), of which the most occurred from September to December 1918. Most of the dead were young individuals, more than half were soldiers, and all of them showed confluent hemorrhagic lung bronchopneumonia, which was the typical feature of the pandemic flu. We believe that the study of the autopsy registers represents an incomparable instrument for the History of Medicine and a useful resource to understand the origin and the evolution of the diseases.

scholarly journals A trianoni békeszerződés és a dunai hajózás

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Mihály Krámli
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
World War ◽  
International Regime ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World ◽  
Peace Treaties

The scope of this paper is to analyse the Danube policy of the Allied Powers after the First World War, their intention to create a new international régime, and to hone in on the impact of the Treaty of Trianon, the new Statue of the Danube of 1921 and the distribution of a part of the former Austrian and Hungarian riverine merchant fl eets on the Hungarian navigation on the Danube. Before the end of the World War the Austro-Hungarian riverine merchant fl eet was a dominant factor in the navigation on the Danube. The Allied Powers wanted to break this dominancy and to formulate a new international régime on the Danube favourable for them. These eff orts were present in the peace treaties. The Convention Instituting the Defi nitive Statue of the Danube was signed at Paris in July 1921. The provisions of the Convention formulated by the victors were very unfavourable for Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. To capitalise on the benefi ts provided for them by the peace treaties and the Convention of 1921 in the Danube navigation, it had to create considerable merchant fl eets for Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania. For this scope the peace treaties provided that Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria should cede to the interested Allied Powers certain property pertaining to navigation on the Danube. Upon the decision of arbitrator Walker D. Hines of 2 August 1921, Hungary has lost nearly 50 percent of its Danube merchant fleet.

scholarly journals Размышления о Первой мировой войне

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Е.В. Соловьева ◽  
Р.А Костюшин
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Current State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the reasons for the outbreak of the First World War, its result for our country, the impact of that massacre on the subsequent development of the world, Russia and the current state of mankind.

scholarly journals Mobilising the Red Cross Journal: A Charity’s Periodical in Wartime

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Marjorie Gehrhardt
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The first issue of the Red Cross Journal was published in January 1914, only eight months before the outbreak of the First World War. This article explores the impact of the war on this publication, as the work of the charity it represented dramatically expanded over the course of the conflict. How did the Journal survive the war, at a time when the Red Cross was deeply involved in supporting soldiers? This article examines the genesis of this publication and its evolving role during the war. This periodical, we argue, not only helped raise awareness of the work carried out by the Red Cross, but it also served practical purposes in the areas of training and funding. This publication reveals an increasingly critical stance towards the British Empire’s enemies in the war, as well as the need for the British Red Cross Society to foster a sense of unity amongst members posted around the world.

Theology and Ecumenism after Edinburgh 1910

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Marlene Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

How was early twentieth-century Protestant Christianity, so prone to division, able to initiate and sustain a movement that sought Christian unity? What was the significance for the movement of the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh 1910? What was the effect of the First World War on the newly emerging ecumenical movement? These questions provide the main themes of this chapter. It describes and assesses the impact of the voluntary movements that had been influenced by the Evangelical Awakening; the revivalism of the 1880s; the development of a Kingdom of God theology; and the missionary movement’s goal of evangelizing the world in a generation. It also describes the major contributions of John R. Mott, Joseph H. Oldham, and David S. Cairns in the first two decades of the twentieth century, when the churches had reached a watershed in their relations.

Brazil in the First World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rinke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

When news broke of the war in Europe, there was talk of a catastrophe that, as a result of the close-knit global entanglements, would embroil the world in an unprecedented crisis. The world dimensions of the events were in evidence to contemporary Latin American observers from early on. Despite the region’s considerable distance from the battlefields, the First World War was felt more than any other previous event outside Latin America in Brazil, and it was clear that its repercussions would affect the lives of average citizens. The relative isolation from which people in the region had witnessed other conflicts in Europe prior to 1914 came to an end. Many Brazilians took an active interest in the war. They participated in the debates about the end of Western hegemony and the downfall of Europe, which took place around the world and would become emblematic of the 20th century. The perception of the war followed a global logic, as Brazil was entangled in the events because of the new type of economic and propaganda war. Modern historiography largely ignored the impact of the war in Brazil, although a number of treatises appeared immediately after the conflict. It was not until the advent of dependence theory that interest was rekindled in the significance of the First World War. The picture changed in 2014 when several important studies integrated new perspectives of cultural and global history. While the First World War may have long been a marginal concern of Brazilian historiography, it was even more common to find “general” histories of the conflagration devoid of any perspective other than the European and that of the United States. But in the total wars of the 20th century, even a neutral country could not remain passive. As a result of its natural resources and strategic position, Brazil was to become an actor in this conflagration.

scholarly journals The Press Bureau, ‘D’ Notices, and Official Control of the British Press's Record of the First World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
David Monger
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Official Control ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Manipulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

Abstract Concerns about fake news and media manipulation are commonplace in contemporary society, and, throughout the twentieth century, historians regularly presented the First World War as an era of manipulated public messages. Yet, despite broad statements about the impact of press censorship in First World War Britain, publication of an official history of the ‘D’ notice system, and growing revision of historical understanding of the interaction between the state, the press, propaganda, and the public during the war, no thorough assessment of the content of the D notices issued by the Press Bureau to newspaper editors has been undertaken. This article provides a thorough analysis of the more than seven hundred notices issued during the war years. While drawing attention to several exceptions which exceeded plausible claims of a threat to security, it argues that most notices genuinely sought to protect potentially dangerous information and that casual assumptions about misleading state press management are not borne out by a close reading of the actual notices issued.

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