How to Make Psychological Generalizations When Concepts Differ

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Basic Level

Children’s concepts differ systematically from those of adults, posing a conundrum in how to compare the ‘same’ concepts across ages. It also creates a problem in making psychological generalizations across ages, such as people’s preference for basic-level categories. For example, if children acquire the concept of chair before that of furniture, this seems to be an example of learning a basic-level concept before its superordinate. However, given that children’s concepts are not the same as adults and change throughout childhood, can we in fact draw conclusions about levels of categorization and other properties defined in terms of adult concepts? This chapter addresses levels of categorization as a case study in how to deal with the problem of individual differences in concepts, suggesting a focus on similar psychological principles and constraints rather than on conceptual content.

scholarly journals Broadening the problem agenda of biological individuality: individual differences, uniqueness and temporality

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie I. Kaiser ◽  
Rose Trappes
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Biological Individuality ◽  
Problem Agenda

AbstractBiological individuality is a notoriously thorny topic for biologists and philosophers of biology. In this paper we argue that biological individuality presents multiple, interconnected questions for biologists and philosophers that together form a problem agenda. Using a case study of an interdisciplinary research group in ecology, behavioral and evolutionary biology, we claim that a debate on biological individuality that seeks to account for diverse practices in the biological sciences should be broadened to include and give prominence to questions about uniqueness and temporality. We show that broadening the problem agenda of biological individuality draws attention to underrecognized philosophical issues and discussions and thereby organizes and enriches the existing debate.

scholarly journals Controlling Light Pollution in Chile: A Status Report

2001 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Light ◽  
Basic Level

A basic-level summary is provided of work since late 1993 to control light pollution in Chile. The purpose of this article is to stimulate such work inside Chile and to promote good lighting in developing countries in general. Chile is selected as the case study because of its critical importance to optical and radio astronomy, and the related economic and cultural benefits for Chile and the world. Examples are presented in some detail in order to illustrate adjustments that have been made to accommodate local scientific, cultural and economic realities and to show that it is necessary to anticipate the issues involved in controlling light pollution several decades before it would otherwise become a problem. It is hoped that international organizations such as the IAU, the IDA and the CIE can soon promote programmes in Chile that can serve as pilot programmes for other parts of the developing world.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN DIR FLOORTIME PADA ANAK DENGAN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SOSIAL

Psibernetika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elita Kirana ◽  
Ediasri T Atmodiwirjo ◽  
Debora Basaria
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior

<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>Children with autism have deficit characteristics in social communication and social interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, and limited interests or activities. As children grow and engage in a wider environment, this is become a problem because of the lack of social skills on children with autism. The purpose of this research is to improve the social skills of children with autism. There are several methods that can be applied to children with autism to improve their social skills. One of them is the DIR </em>(<em>Developmental, Individual Differences, &amp; Relationship Based</em>) <em>Floortime method. DIR Floortime aims to help children reach the stage of their emotional development through play activities. This type of research is a clinical case study, involving two middle childhood boys that are diagnosed with a mild level of autism. The instruments used in this study are Autism Social Skills Profile and Functional Emotional Assessment Scale. This research involves 20 sessions, conducted in May until June 2018, consisting of 10 sensory sessions and 10  symbolic sessions for each subject. The results of this research show an improvement in social skills in both participants, marked by an increase in the post test scores, but not significantly. Qualitatively, both subject demonstrates an improvement on social skills in their daily behavior after they had participated in the intervention.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong>: </strong><em>autism spectrum disorder, middle childhood, </em>DIR <em>Floortime,social skills</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong>: </strong>Anak autistik memiliki karakteristik kesulitan dalam komunikasi dan interaksi sosial serta adanya yang minat terbatas, perilaku berulang, atau keterikatan dalam minat dan aktivitas. Hal ini menjadi masalah saat anak tumbuh seiring usia dan terlibat dalam lingkungan yang lebih luas karena kurangnya kemampuan sosial pada anak autistik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sosial anak autistik. Ada beberapa metode yang dapat diterapkan pada anak autistik untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sosial. Salah satunya adalah metode DIR (<em>Developmental, Individual Differences, &amp; Relationship Based</em>) <em>Floortime</em>. DIR<em> Floortime</em>  bertujuan membantu anak mencapai tahap perkembangan emosionalnya melalui kegiatan bermain. Jenis penelitian ini adalah case study yang melibatkan dua orang partisipan, yaitu anak laki-laki berusia <em>middle childhood</em> dengan autisme <em>level Mild</em>. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah <em>Autism Social Skills Profile dan Functional Emotional Assesment Scale</em>. Penelitian ini berlangsung selama 20 sesi intervensi yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei hingga Juni 2018. Sesi intervensi terdiri dari 10 sesi sensori auditori dan 10 sesi simbolik bagi masing-masing subjek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan pada kapasitas emosi, tetapi kemampuan sosial kedua partisipan tidak meningkat secara signifikan. Secara kualitatif, kedua subjek menunjukkan kemampuan sosial yang lebih baik setelah mengikuti sesi intervensi, hal ini tampak dalam perilaku sehari-hari.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: autisme<em>, middle childhood, </em>DIR <em>Floortime,</em> kemampuan sosial</p>

A statute is divided into: Vocabulary • sections; Repeal— abolition of all or part of a • sub-sections; previous statute. • paragraphs; Amend— changing part of a previous • sub-paragraphs; statute. • Parts; • Schedules (at the end). Parliament can enact laws about anything—but a law may prove impossible to enforce. Legend records that one particular King of England, Canute, was humbled when he attempted to demonstrate his sovereign power by seating his throne on the beach and ordering the tide not to come in! For come in it did, much to his embarrassment. When approaching a statute as a new law student the most difficult task is understanding, at a basic macro- (wide) level, what the statute as a whole is striving to do and at the micro- (narrow) level what each section is saying. As proficiency is gained in handling statutory rules it will be found that it is not usually necessary to deal with the entire statute. The overall statute can be briefly contextualised and only relevant sections need to be extracted for detailed consideration, analysis, or application. However, ‘sections’, those micro-elements of statutes, will be all the more confidently analysed because, at any given moment, it is known how to relate any aspect of the statute to its general layout. Often, initial understanding eludes the law student. Doubts concerning the meaning of parts of the statute do not occur at the level of sophisticated analysis. They occur at the basic level of combining English language skills and legal skills to obtain foundational understanding. If doubts remain at this level, there can be no possibility of attaining sophisticated analysis! 3.4.4 Case study: breaking into statutes 3.4.4.1 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 To explore methods of breaking into statutes and understanding statutes at the macro- and micro-level the rest of this chapter will deal with a real statute, the Unfair Contract Terms Act (UCTA) 1977. Figure 3.10, below, builds on the abstract general layout of Figure 3.8, above, by customising it to fit UCTA 1977. This statute will continue to be used for demonstration purposes for the rest of the chapter. The full text of the statute can be found in Appendix 1. Study Figure 3.10, below, carefully. Note which parts are linked and which are not by following the lines and arrows. Reading the summarised headings constructs a basic overview of what the statute is about. Before considering how to break into statutory language in such a way as to be able to confidently précis whole sections for the purposes of such a layout, it is important to study the layout until it is familiar and comprehensible. There are no shortcuts; this takes time.

2012 ◽  
pp. 58-59
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
To Come ◽  
Law Student ◽  
Micro Elements ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Sophisticated Analysis

Self-presentation strategies and narrative identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Dunlop ◽  
Tara P. McCoy ◽  
Patrick J. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Narrative Identity ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Self Presentation

Abstract Narrative identity is most often assessed via prompts for key autobiographical scenes (e.g., turning points). Here, self-presentation strategies were examined in relation to the content and structure of key scenes. Participants (N = 396) provided narratives of life high points, low points, and turning points from within one of four assessment contexts and completed measures of self-deception positivity (SD) and impression management (IM). Narratives were coded for a series of linguistic (e.g., causation words) and conceptual (e.g., redemption) dimensions. Individual differences in IM corresponded with the linguistic and conceptual content of participants’ low points. This effect was particularly evident among females (as compared to males) and the conceptual content of key scenes in conditions in which participants provided written (as compared to spoken) narrative accounts. These results carry implications for the assessment and analysis of narrative identity.

scholarly journals Animals exhibit consistent individual differences in their movement: A case study on location trajectories of Japanese macaques

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 101057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Morita ◽  
Aru Toyoda ◽  
Seitaro Aisu ◽  
Akihisa Kaneko ◽  
Naoko Suda-Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Japanese Macaques

scholarly journals Kinematic Pattern of the Drag-Flick: a Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Gómez ◽  
Cristina López De Subijana ◽  
Raquel Antonio ◽  
Enrique Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Optoelectronic System ◽  
Kinematic Pattern ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Minimum Velocity

The drag-flick is more efficient than hits or pushes when a penalty corner situation is in effect in field hockey. Previous research has studied the biomechanical pattern of the drag-flick, trying to find the cues for an optimal performance. On the other hand, some other studies have examined the most effective visual pick-up of relevant information in shots and goalkeeper anticipation. The aim of this study was to analyse the individual differences in the drag-flick pattern in order to provide relevant information for goalkeepers. One female skilled drag-flicker participated in the study. A VICON optoelectronic system (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) was used to capture the drag-flicks with six cameras. The results showed that the main significant differences between right and left shots (p<0.05) in the stick angles, stick minimum angular velocity and front foot-ball distance were when the front foot heel contacted the floor (T1) and at the minimum velocity of the stick, before the dragging action (T3). The findings showed that the most relevant information might be picked up at the ball-and-stick location before the dragging action.

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