The Revolution in Reformation Time

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-160
Author(s):  
Tony Claydon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
The Past ◽  
Typological Structure ◽  
Static Nature ◽  
The Revolution

Chapter three considers the chronological effects of placing the 1688–9 revolution in ‘Reformation’ time: that is interpreting it as a salvation for a Protestant movement that had started in the early sixteenth century. The chapter shows that Protestant readings of time produced some chronological dynamism—seeing major turning points in history that divided the past into periods, reading spiritual truth as revealed through evolving narrative and perhaps promising an imminent apocalyptic denouement. However it also shows Protestant understanding of 1688–9 was affected by the inherently static nature of Christian time: the typological structure of scripture encouraging a view of time that was frozen, symmetrical (it could be read as easily backwards as forwards), and fractal (the content of time looked the same whatever period or length of period was examined).

Enlightening Symbols

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Number System ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Mathematical Notation ◽  
Rhetorical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mathematical Symbols ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Different Cultures

While all of us regularly use basic mathematical symbols such as those for plus, minus, and equals, few of us know that many of these symbols weren't available before the sixteenth century. What did mathematicians rely on for their work before then? And how did mathematical notations evolve into what we know today? This book explains the fascinating history behind the development of our mathematical notation system. It shows how symbols were used initially, how one symbol replaced another over time, and how written math was conveyed before and after symbols became widely adopted. Traversing mathematical history and the foundations of numerals in different cultures, the book looks at how historians have disagreed over the origins of the number system for the past two centuries. It follows the transfigurations of algebra from a rhetorical style to a symbolic one, demonstrating that most algebra before the sixteenth century was written in prose or in verse employing the written names of numerals. It also investigates the subconscious and psychological effects that mathematical symbols have had on mathematical thought, moods, meaning, communication, and comprehension. It considers how these symbols influence us (through similarity, association, identity, resemblance, and repeated imagery), how they lead to new ideas by subconscious associations, how they make connections between experience and the unknown, and how they contribute to the communication of basic mathematics. From words to abbreviations to symbols, this book shows how math evolved to the familiar forms we use today.

From Black Death to Black Hole

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Piatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Black Death ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past

In this chapter I explain why Poland and most countries in Eastern Europe have always lagged behind Western Europe in economic development. I discuss why in the past the European continent split into two parts and how Western and Eastern Europe followed starkly different developmental paths. I then demonstrate how Polish oligarchic elites built extractive institutions and how they adopted ideologies, cultures, and values, which undermined development from the late sixteenth century to 1939. I also describe how the elites created a libertarian country without taxes, state capacity, and rule of law, and how this ‘golden freedom’ led to Poland’s collapse and disappearance from the map of Europe in 1795. I argue that Polish extractive society was so well established that it could not reform itself from the inside. It was like a black hole, where the force of gravity is so strong that the light could not come out.

The Application of Computers to Ship Operations

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-192
Keyword(s):  
Operations Research ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Navigational Systems ◽  
The Revolution

A symposium on The Application of Computers to Ship Operations was held at the Department of Navigation, Liverpool Polytechnic, on 1, 2 and 3 March 1971.The symposium was introduced by the Head of the Department, Captain F. L. Main, who briefly reviewed the revolution in world shipping over the past twenty years involving great increases in tonnage, speed of vessels and traffic congestion, accompanied by a progressive reduction in manning scales. This had been made possible by automation and one of its logical consequences was the use of computers both at sea and in port administration. The aim of the symposium was to explore the potential of the digital computer in these fields, to define its possible limitations and to emphasize the need of adequate training for the personnel involved.Of the nine papers presented, four more directly concerned with the application of computers to navigational systems are printed below. Other papers dealt with the application of computers to cargo handling, ships' accountancy and port administration with particular reference to the recent experience of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board. Captain Holder and Captain Jones are both in the Marine Operations Research Unit at the Liverpool Polytechnic.

The Formulation of the Declaration of Rights

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Frankle
Keyword(s):  
Common People ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Revolution

After a period of comparative neglect, historians are re-examining the English Revolution of 1688 with revived interest and revised interpretation. In the past few decades numerous works have carefully re-investigated and often reinterpreted the roles played by such disparate groups as the Whigs, die nobility, the common people, and die urban mob, as well as by such leading individuals as die Earl of Sunderland, James II, and William of Orange. They have broadened our perspective of the Revolution by placing it in die wider context of European affairs and have persuasively demonstrated that die replacement of James II by William and Mary was justified most frequently and effectively not by John Locke's Two Treatises of Government, which was indeed composed prior to 1688, but by mat old relic from James I's reign, divine right of kings.

Epilogue, as Prologue

2018 ◽  
pp. 174-182
Author(s):  
Matthew D. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
The Past

This concluding chapter looks at the discovery of a perplexing set of documents created in New Spain. Referred to as títulos primordiales, or primordial titles, the sources described the founding of Indigenous communities in the aftermath of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century. The títulos resonate strongly with other colonial documents of futuremaking and the shared ways of relating to time surveyed throughout this book. The Indigenous authors of the primordial titles engaged in a radical act of situating themselves in time: they marshaled the resources of the past, the resources of memory, and the resources of tradition to achieve goals in the present and craft diverse futures. Sometimes they presented their assembled resources as a narrative of the sixteenth-century present, at other times in the form of history or chronicle.

scholarly journals Mediator as a Story Recipient in Narrative Mediation: What Types of Questions Should I Ask?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Chen Ying ◽  
Tan Chee Lay
Keyword(s):  
Turning Points ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Good Story ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conflict Talk

<p><em>This study adopted the theoretical framework of narrative mediation to investigate a storied conflict talk between a landlord and her tenant in which the mediator played the role of a story recipient in the co-construction of stories with disputants. The focus of this research is on the function of questions posed by the mediator in the production of turning points which are favourable to the evolution of “better-formed” stories. The results of this study indicate that there are at least two types of questions mediators ask: 1) the questions that can help disputants reflect on their imperfectness; 2) the questions that awaken disputants’ memories of their good stories from the past. It is shown that the de-legitimacy for Self laid a foundation for the production of a good story towards a meaningful outcome for the mediation. The inadequacy of the context formed by first having legitimacy for Other followed by the de-legitimacy for Self led to the failure of destabilizing the problematic story in the mediation. The lack of the dominant party’s legitimacy for Other resulted in the absence of legitimacy from the marginalized side and would likely cause unfavourable consequences to the mediation in the long term.</em></p>

scholarly journals Le calendrier révolutionnaire de 1793 ou les quatre saisons de la République

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Paweł Matyaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
New Order ◽  
Natural Cycle ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Universe ◽  
New Time ◽  
The Revolution

The authors of the revolutionary calendar, in particular Gilbert Romme and Fabre d’Églantine not only want to put the past behind by implicating a new time and new order but also try to prove the relation between history and nature using the example of the events of the Revolution and their compliance with the laws of the universe. They introduce an innovative nomenclature in order to specify the names of particular days and months but they do not change the natural four-season model of division. The goal of the presented idea is to enrich the natural cycle with a new content expressing the spirit and the objectives of the Republic while following the laws of nature.

Exploring Transitions in Party Politics in Grenada, 1984–2013

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy C. Grenade
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Revolution

One of the consequences of the demise of the Grenada Revolution and the US invasion of Grenada in 1983 was the formation of a new political party architecture to break with the past to rid Grenada of the vestiges of the revolution and the Eric Gairy regime that preceded it. The new architecture was intended to transcend authoritarianism, intra-party conflict and political violence to turn Grenada into a showcase for democracy and free enterprise. This chapter maps the contours of party politics in post-revolutionary Grenada. It argues that Grenada has transitioned to formal democracy but has not yet achieved deeper substantive democracy. The chapter teases out lessons from the Grenada case for democratic renewal in the Caribbean.

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