Violence and the Ethnic Nation-State, 1939–1949

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-112
Author(s):  
Laura Robson
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
World War ◽  
Primary Mode ◽  
Ethnic Nation ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

In the Mashriq, the Second World War saw not only the British reoccupation of territory as insurance against Axis expansionism, and the French doubling down on colonial claims to land, resources, and people, but also an ongoing battle—sometimes literally—between these competing European concepts of postwar empire, both of which made use of local iterations of ethnicity, religion, and nationhood to bolster particular visions of ongoing imperial possession. This appropriation of communal identities for imperial purposes culminated in the war for Palestine in 1948, which resulted in the mass dispossession of the Palestinians and the foundation of a Jewish state of Israel—a confirmation of the ethno-national state as the primary mode of political organization in the modern global order.

Hadassah, 1933–1947: Responding to Crisis

Hadassah ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
Mira Katzburg-Yungman
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
World War ◽  
Gradual Shift ◽  
Jewish Refugees ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

This chapter discusses organizational developments during the Second World War. From 1937 a gradual shift took place in Hadassah's policy that saw it beginning to engage in political activity. A significant contribution was made to this change by David Ben-Gurion, the Zionist workers' leader who would later be considered the architect of the Jewish state. In addition, the rise of Hitler to power in 1933, and the consequent challenge of coping with the problem of the Jewish refugees from Germany, led to an expansion both of Hadassah's activity and of the organization itself. Furthermore, the chapter reveals that Hadassah's political activity in the three years between the end of the Second World War and the establishment of the State of Israel was only part of its overall programme. Another part, which the organization saw as one of its central roles, was the education of its members along Jewish and Zionist lines.

Politics and Ideology: Lord Moyne, Palestine and Zionism 1939–1944

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Ronen Yitzhak
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
World War ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Jewish Immigration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Second World

This article deals with Lord Moyne's policy towards the Zionists. It refutes the claim that Lord Moyne was anti-Zionist in his political orientation and in his activities and shows that his positions did not differ from those of other British senior officials at the time. His attitude toward Jewish immigration to Palestine and toward the establishment of a Jewish Brigade during the Second World War was indeed negative. This was not due to anti-Zionist policy, however, but to British strategy that supported the White Paper of 1939 and moved closer to the Arabs during the War. While serving in the British Cabinet, Lord Moyne displayed apolitically pragmatic approach and remained loyal to Prime Minister Churchill. He therefore supported the establishment of a Jewish Brigade and the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine in the secret committee that Churchill set up in 1944. Unaware of his new positions, the Zionists assassinated him in November 1944. The murder of Lord Moyne affected Churchill, leading him to reject the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Le rôle de l’armée juive dans la libération de Juifs en France 1942 - 1945

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 00007
Author(s):  
B Dewi Puspitaningrum ◽  
Airin Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
French Army ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Status ◽  
Jews In France ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

<p class="Keyword">Nazi Germany used Endlösung to persecute Jews during the Second World War, leading them to the Holocaust, known as “death”. During the German occupation in France, the status of the Jews was applied. Polonski reacted to the situation by establishing a Zionist resistance, Jewish Army, in January 1942. Their first visions were to create a state of Israel and save the Jews as much as they could. Although the members of the group are not numerous, they represented Israel and played an important role in the rescue of the Jews in France, also in Europe. Using descriptive methods and three aspects of historical research, this article shows that the Jewish Army has played an important role in safeguarding Jewish children, smuggling smugglers, physical education and the safeguarding of Jews in other countries. In order to realize their visions, collaborations with other Jewish resistances and the French army itself were often created. With the feeling of belonging to France, they finally extended their vision to the liberation of France in 1945 by joining the French Forces of the Interior and allied troops.</p>

B'nai B'rith on the European continent after World War Two

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Hans Levy
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Organization ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

The focus of this paper is on the oldest international Jewish organization founded in 1843, B’nai B’rith. The paper presents a chronicle of B’nai B’rith in Continental Europe after the Second World War and the history of the organization in Scandinavia. In the 1970's the Order of B'nai B'rith became B'nai B'rith international. B'nai B'rith worked for Jewish unity and was supportive of the state of Israel.

La citoyenneté et la construction de l'Europe : discussions théoriques

Res Publica ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 361-380
Author(s):  
Paul Magnette
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
European Citizenship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

This paper examines the evolving ideological content of the concept of citizenship and particularly the challenges it faces as a consequence of the building of the European Union. From an epistemological point of view it is first argued that citizenship may be described as a dual concept: it is both a legal institution composed of the rights of the citizen as they are fixed at a certain moment of its history, and a normative ideal which embodies their political aspirations. As a result of this dual nature, citizenship is an essentially dynamicnotion, which is permanently evolving between a state of balance and change.  The history of this concept in contemporary political thought shows that, from the end of the second World War it had raised a synthesis of democratic, liberal and socialist values on the one hand, and that it was historically and logically bound to the Nation-State on the other hand. This double synthesis now seems to be contested, as the themes of the "crisis of the Nation State" and"crisis of the Welfare state" do indicate. The last part of this paper grapples with recent theoretical proposals of new forms of european citizenship, and argues that the concept of citizenship could be renovated and take its challenges into consideration by insisting on the duties and the procedures it contains.

Japan’s Intelligence Network in Chile During the Second World War

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200941988463
Author(s):  
Pedro Iacobelli
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World War ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
The Us ◽  
Second World

The Second World War became the backdrop of Japanese espionage activities in Latin America that helped to delay the total expulsion of Japanese officers and businesses from the Americas and confinement of Japanese communities. Based on archival information gathered in Japan, the US and Chile, the article examines Japan’s intelligence-gathering activity in Chile and pays attention to its composition and limitations. By doing so, it re-examines the trans-nationality of Japan’s state apparatuses in South America and Chile’s place in the global conflict. The article advances the argument that Japan’s subversive activities in Chile were relentless and had a regional scope beyond one nation-state. Divided into two sections, the article covers the period from the months prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor until the final days of the Japanese legation in Chile in January 1943.

scholarly journals Inter-Religious Dialogue and Migrants

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freek L. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
Dutch Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Dialogue ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Religious Landscape ◽  
Second World

In the Netherlands the first official inter-religious dialogues were initiated in the first half of the 1970s. But the Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk, one of the most important churches had taken the first steps towards an attitude of dialogue already in 1949 and 1950. The atrocities against the Jews and the deportation of the 90 per cent of the Dutch Jews in the Second World War as well as the solidarity deeply felt by many church members with the new state of Israel prompted this church, and later two other large mainline churches, to alter their attitudes towards Jews and Judaism. After 1970 they extended these dialogues to Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists, who together outnumber the Jews today. The altered Dutch religious landscape had made inter-religious dialogue inevitable. This dialogue was held with migrants, so the position of the adherents of non-Christian religions was weaker than that of Christians. This inequality is reflected in the dialogue, for it became predominantly a dialogue of life, in which the Christians started with helping their partners to find a good position in Dutch society. The dialogue with the Jews, however, already quickly became a dialogue of the mind. In the second half of the 1990s a dialogue of the mind was initiated with Muslims, and in the first decade of the twenty-first century with some Hindus. The vulnerability of migrants was underscored by the impact of the governments in their countries of origin and by the fact that the Christians paid for almost everything. In 2000 the churches began to hesitate; nonetheless they remained in dialogue.

A Multi-Bloc Model of The International System

1961 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 780-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Masters
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Abstract Model ◽  
Hierarchical Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Second World

This essay will attempt to define an abstract model of the international system (or, more precisely, a model of the structure of that system), as a supplement to the types presented by Morton A. Kaplan. Before attempting such a construction, it is well to show the utility of the “multi-bloc system” as an alternative to his six models. Kaplan's “balance-of-power” and “unit veto” systems are essentially defined in terms of nation-states as “actors”; and his “universal” and “hierarchical” systems have essentially but one “actor,” though in the former the nation-state subsists as an administrative and local political unit. The two “bipolar” models (“loose” and “tight”) have, by definition, two major bloc “actors,” with uncommitted nation-states on the margin and an “international actor” such as the U.N. playing a limited role in the former model. It is true that his “unit veto” system may have blocs instead of nation-states for “actors,” but by this very token the difference between a system with a multiplicity of states and one with a multiplicity of blocs is not suggested by Kaplan's typology.The possibility of an international system composed of a multiplicity of blocs has been considered by a number of writers in the past few years. Even before the end of the Second World War, Walter Lippmann wrote:The question is whether some sixty to seventy states, each acting separately, can form a universal organization for the maintenance of peace. I contend that they cannot, and that single sovereign states must combine in their neighborhoods, and that the neighborhoods must combine into larger communities and constellations, which then participate in a universal society.

8. Judaism today

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Solomon
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Leadership ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

No religion has emerged unchanged into the 21st century. Increasing secularization of Western governments has undermined the power of religious leadership and people’s values have changed. Lots of people have abandoned organized religion. ‘Judaism today’ examines the impact of postmodernist thinking in recent times on Judaism. World Jewry has found itself at the centre of two 20th-century events that have affected it in unique ways: the trauma of the Shoah, or Holocaust, and the establishment of the State of Israel. Four areas in which Jewish thought has developed since the Second World War are considered: Zionism, Holocaust theology, God, and Feminism.

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