Legal Pluralism, Gender Equality, and Parity of Participation: Constitutional Issues Concerning Customary Law in Liberia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
The Common ◽  
Traditional Communities

This chapter examines the practice of customary law in Liberia and how it contributes to gender inequality. The familiar menu of constitutional tools to protect equality has often failed, both because external legal limits on customary law are inaccessible to women in traditional communities and because they put those women in the position of opposing their own communities. The only sustainable solution is to empower women to reshape their own customary law. This requires rethinking culture and customary law at three levels: first, we must view culture as an evolving process to which all members contribute; second, we must view customary law as an evolving part of the common law that interacts with state law; and third, we must enhance ‘participatory parity’ for women. The chapter concludes with suggestions for constitutional reform in Liberia to promote the role of women as norm creators.

The Role of Founding Values and Principles in Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation: Lessons for Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Admark Moyo ◽  
Basutu S Makwaiba
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Statutory Interpretation ◽  
Philosophical Basis ◽  
A Value ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Common ◽  
Constitutional Analysis

This article explores the role of constitutional values and principles in statutory and constitutional analysis. Given that the exact meaning of these values and principles remains largely unexplored, the article starts by explaining the differences between these terms and argues that these differences are not important for purposes of determining the role of values and principles in the interpretation of legal texts. In addition, the article examines the meaning and scope of the teleological theory of interpretation which forms the philosophical basis of a value-laden approach to constitutional and statutory analysis. More importantly, the article proceeds to unpack the letter and reach of the constitutional provisions that explicitly require courts to pay due regard to values and principles when interpreting any part of the Declaration of Rights. Towards the end, the article demonstrates the role of values in both the interpretation of enactments and the development of the common law or customary law.

Common Law Constitutionalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Law System

This chapter shows how common law pleading, the use of common law vocabulary, and substantive common law rules lay at the foundation of every colony’s law by the middle of the eighteenth century. There is some explanation of how this common law system functioned in practice. The chapter then discusses why colonials looked upon the common law as a repository of liberty. It also discusses in detail the development of the legal profession individually in each of the thirteen colonies. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of the role of legislation. It shows that, although legislation had played an important role in the development of law and legal institutions in the seventeenth century, eighteenth-century Americans were suspicious of legislation, with the result that the output of pre-Revolutionary legislatures was minimal.

Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shed Light

This volume reframes the debate around Islam and women’s rights within a broader comparative literature. It examines the complex and contingent historical relationships between religion, secularism, democracy, law, and gender equality. Part I addresses the nexus of religion, law, gender, and democracy through different disciplinary perspectives (sociology, anthropology, political science, law). Part II localizes the implementation of this nexus between law, gender, and democracy, and provides contextualized responses to questions raised in Part I. The contributors explore the situation of Muslim women’s rights vis-à-vis human rights to shed light on gender politics in the modernization of the nation and to ponder over the role of Islam in gender inequality across different Muslim countries.

The Implementation of Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Principles and Problems

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564
Author(s):  
Dawn Oliver
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Executive Agencies ◽  
The Relationship

First, I want to express my gratitude and sense of honour in being invited to deliver the Lionel Cohen lecture for 1995. The relationship between the Israeli and the British legal systems is a close and mutually beneficial one, and we in Britain in particular owe large debts to the legal community in Israel. This is especially the case in my field, public law, where distinguished academics have enriched our academic literature, notably Justice Zamir, whose work on the declaratory judgment has been so influential. Israeli courts, too, have made major contributions to the development of the common law generally and judicial review very notably.In this lecture I want to discuss the process of constitutional reform in the United Kingdom, and to explore some of the difficulties that lie in the way of reform. Some quite radical reforms to our system of government — the introduction of executive agencies in the British civil service, for instance—have been introduced without resort to legislation. There has been a spate of reform to local government and the National Health Service.

scholarly journals ROLE OF FICTIONS IN REGULATION OF PROPERTY RELATIONS IN THE MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LAW

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Роман Рыбаков ◽  
Roman Rybakov
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
Legal Fictions ◽  
Interpretation Method

The article is devoted to legal fictions in regulating property relations in the English medieval common law (XIII—XVII centuries). Fictions are explained as features influencing the development of law, means of expansion of courts’ jurisdiction and mechanisms of the development of remedies protecting property relations. The article focuses on the role of fiction during the appellate review stage. Relevant case law is analyzed in this article. In this research the author uses the following set of methods of scientific cognition: dialectical method, historical method as well as special scientific research methods, such as technical legal method, comparative law method, formal legal method and legal interpretation method. This research results in better understanding of the role of fictions during the appellate review stage and provides analysis of differences between legal fictions used in the medieval civil law and the common law. In conclusion, the author suggests a classification of legal fictions’ functions in the medieval English common law.

scholarly journals Roles of the Courts in New Zealand in Giving Effect to International Human Rights - with Some History

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J Keith
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Common Law ◽  
General Effect ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Domestic Law

The Right Honourable Sir Kenneth Keith was the fourth speaker at the NZ Institute of International Affairs Seminar. In this article he describes and reflects upon the role of courts and judges in relation to the advancement of human rights, an issue covered in K J Keith (ed) Essays on Human Rights (Sweet and Maxwell, Wellington, 1968). The article is divided into two parts. The first part discusses international lawmakers attempting to protect individual groups of people from 1648 to 1948, including religious minorities and foreign traders, slaves, aboriginal natives, victims of armed conflict, and workers. The second part discusses how from 1945 to 1948, there was a shift in international law to universal protection. The author notes that while treaties are not part of domestic law, they may have a constitutional role, be relevant in determining the common law, give content to the words of a statute, help interpret legislation which is in line with a treaty, help interpret legislation which is designed to give general effect to a treaty (but which is silent on the particular matter), and help interpret and affect the operation of legislation to which the international text has no apparent direct relation. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of The Role and Position of Dispute Resolution Councils In Iran's Criminal Policy In Comparison with Similar Institutions In The French Judiciary

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-258
Author(s):  
Hassan Vahedi ◽  
Abdolvahid Zahedi ◽  
Firooz Mahmoudi Janaki
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
The People ◽  
The Common

The Dispute Resolution Council was established as a public institution in the last few decades to reduce the number of cases sent to the judiciary in Iran and strengthen public participation and increase the role of the people in criminal justice policy. Although the activities of this institution in recent years have led to a decrease in the number of cases sent to judicial institutions, but its public aspect was not fulfilled as intended. In addition, the law of this council has many contradictions with the constitution with limitations and problems in the legal and structural field that have affected its functions. However, the role of the people is significant in similar institutions in the legal system of the Common Law and France, while strengthening the participatory aspect. This issue has been an effective measure in strengthening participatory criminal policy in these countries. The purpose of this research was to investigate the criminal policy of the Dispute Resolution Council and similar institutions in France.Keywords: Dispute Resolution Council, French Law, Iranian Criminal Justice Policy Evaluasi Peran dan Kedudukan Dewan Penyelesaian Sengketa Dalam Kebijakan Pidana Iran Dibandingkan dengan Institusi Serupa di Peradilan Prancis AbstrakDewan Penyelesaian Sengketa didirikan sebagai lembaga publik dalam beberapa dekade terakhir untuk mengurangi jumlah kasus yang dikirim ke peradilan di Iran dan memperkuat partisipasi publik dan meningkatkan peran masyarakat dalam kebijakan peradilan pidana. Meskipun kegiatan lembaga ini dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah menyebabkan penurunan jumlah kasus yang dikirim ke lembaga peradilan, tetapi aspek publiknya tidak terpenuhi sebagaimana dimaksud. Selain itu, undang-undang dewan ini memiliki banyak kontradiksi dengan konstitusi dengan keterbatasan dan masalah di bidang hukum dan struktural yang mempengaruhi fungsinya. Namun, peran masyarakat cukup signifikan dalam lembaga sejenis dalam sistem hukum Common Law dan Perancis, sekaligus memperkuat aspek partisipatif. Isu ini telah menjadi langkah yang efektif dalam memperkuat kebijakan kriminal partisipatif di negara-negara tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan kriminal dari Dispute Resolution Council dan lembaga sejenis di Perancis.Kata Kunci: Dewan Penyelesaian Sengketa, Hukum Prancis, Kebijakan Peradilan Pidana Iran Оценка роли и позиции советов по решению спорных вопросов В уголовной политике ирана по сравнению с аналогичными учреждениями во французской судебной системе  АннотацияСовет по решению спорных вопросов был создан как государственное учреждение в последние десятилетия для сокращения количества дел, передаваемых в судебные органы в Иране, и расширения участия общественности и повышения роли общественности в политике уголовного правосудия. Хотя деятельность этого учреждения в последние годы привела к уменьшению количества дел, направляемых в судебные органы, общественный аспект не выполняется должным образом. Кроме того, закон этого совета имеет много противоречий с конституцией с ограничениями и проблемами в правовой и структурной областях, которые влияют на его функционирование. Тем не менее, роль сообщества весьма значительна в аналогичных учреждениях в системе общего права и правовой системы Франции, а также в усилении аспекта участия. Этот вопрос стал эффективным шагом в укреплении совместной уголовной политики в этих странах. Целью данного исследования является определение уголовной политики Совета по разрешению спорных вопросов и аналогичных учреждений во Франции.Ключевые Слова: Совет по решению спорных вопросов, Французское право, политика в области уголовного правосудия в Иране 

scholarly journals PERSEPSI PEMUKA AGAMA TERHADAP BIAS GENDER DITINJAU DARI LATAR BELAKANG SUKU

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Muslim Community

<strong>Abstrak: </strong>keberadaan<strong> </strong>berbagai kajian dan literatur tentang gender tidak serta merta merubah pandangan masyarakat tentang keadilan gender. Sebab, kajian gender tetapi memiliki pendukung dan penentang. Ada pendapat bahwa kajian gender berupaya merubah ajaran agama itu sendiri. Dalam kajian gender selama ini, ditemukan banyak pihak yang ikut berkontribusi bagi muncul dan berkembangnya paham yang bias gender dalam masyarakat Muslim, khususnya di Indonesia. Di antara pihak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kelestarian paham yang diskriminatif terhadap perempuan adalah para pemuka agama yang diwakili oleh para ustaz dan ustazah dimana mereka memainkan peran sebagai penyampai ajaran agama kepada masyarakat Muslim. Artikel ini mengkaji pandangan para ustaz dan ustazah terhadap ketidakadilan gender yang dilihat dari latar belakang suku masing-masing, sehingga akan terungkap perihal adakah kaitan antara latar belakang suku seorang ustaz dan ustazah terhadap persepsi mereka tentang ketidakadilan gender. Didasari oleh studi lapangan, dimana data penelitian diperoleh dari angket dan wawancara, kajian ini menemukan bahwa masih ditemukannya pemahaman bias gender dalam persepsi ustaz dan ustazah di kota Medan. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi kajian gender di Indonesia.  <strong></strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>ustaz, ustazah, ketidakadilan, gender, suku<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Abstract: The Perception of Islamic Preachers about Gender Bias Reviewed From Ethnic Group Backgrounds.</strong> The existence of various studies and literature on gender does not automatically change the society's opinion about gender equality. As such, supporters and opponents of the idea are readily found. One opinion goes as far as saying that gender studies try to alter the teachings of religion itself. In the gender studies has been found that many contributed to the emergence and development of gender biased ideology in Muslim societies, especially in Indonesia. Among those responsible to discriminatory preservation of women are religious leaders who are represented by <em>ustaz</em> and <em>ustazah</em> where they play the role of religious teachings to the Muslim community. This article examines the opinions of <em>ustaz</em> and <em>ustazah</em> on gender inequality realized from the background of each ethnic group, so it will be revealed about whether there is a link between ethnic background of an <em>ustaz</em> and <em>ustazah</em> to their perception of gender injustice. Based on field studies, where the research data was obtained from questionnaires and interviews, this study found that there is an understanding of gender bias in <em>ustaz</em> and <em>ustazah</em> perceptions in Medan city. This study is expected to contribute to gender studies in Indonesia.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> ustaz, ustazah, injustice, gender, ethnic group

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