Estimation of Fracture Properties by Combining DAS and DTS Measurements

Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) measurements during hydraulic fracturing treatments are used to estimate fluid volume distribution among perforation clusters. DAS is sensitive to the acoustic signal induced by fluid flow in the near-well region during pumping a stage, while DTS is sensitive to temperature variation caused by fluid flow inside the wellbore and in the reservoir. Raw acoustic signal has to be transferred to frequency band energy (FBE) which is defined as the integration of the squared raw measurements in each DAS channel location for a fixed period of time. In order to be used in further interpretation, FBE has to be averaged between several fiber-optic channels for each cluster on each time step. Based on this input, DAS allows us to consider fluid flow through perforation stage by stage during an injection period, and to evaluate the volume of fluid pumped in each cluster location as a function of time, and therefore to estimate the cumulative volume of fluid injected into each cluster. This procedure is based on a lab-derived and computational dynamics model confirmed correlation between the acoustic signal and the flow rate. At each time step, we apply the perforation/fracture noise correlation to determine the flow rate into each cluster, constrained by the requirement that the sum of the flow rates into individual clusters must equal the total injection rate at that time. On the other hand, the DTS interpretation method is based on the transient temperature behavior during the fracturing stimulation. During injection, the temperature of the reservoir surrounding the well is cooled by the injection fluid inside the well. After shut-in of stage pumping, temperature recovers at a rate depending on the injected volume of fluid at the location. The interpretation procedure is based on the temperature behavior during the warm-back period. This temperature distribution is obtained by solution of a coupled 3-D reservoir thermal model with 1-D wellbore thermal model iteratively. Once we confirm that the DAS and DTS interpretation methods provide comparable results of the fluid volume distribution, either of the interpretation results can be used as a known input parameter for the other interpretation method to estimate additional unknown such as one of the fracture properties. In this work, the injected fluid volume distribution obtained by the DAS interpretation is used as an input parameter for a forward model which computes the temperature profile in the reservoir. By conducting temperature inversion to reproduce the temperature profile that matches the measured temperature with the fixed injection rate for each cluster, we can predict distribution of injected fluid for hydraulic fractures along a wellbore. The temperature inversion shows that multiple fractures are created in a swarm pattern from each perforation cluster with a much tighter spacing than the cluster spacing. The field data from MIP-3H provided by the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory is used to demonstrate the DAS/DTS integrated interpretation method. This approach can be a valuable means to evaluate the fracturing treatment design and further understand the field observation of hydraulic fractures.

Makna Kata τέλειος Dalam Injil Matius 5:48 Dan Implikasinya Bagi Orang Percaya

Matthew 5:17-48 is part of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, where it is the deepest reflection of God's law which contrasts sharply with the patterns and teachings of the scribes and Pharisees. This passage concludes with Jesus' mandate to His followers to be perfect as their Father in heaven is perfect (5:48). The word perfect in this text is translated from the Greek word τέλειος which can actually be translated as perfect, complete or mature. The difference in interpretation of the meaning of the word τέλειος has led to several different thoughts and doctrines. In Matthew 5:48's research, the author uses general hermeneutic principles to find the meaning or meaning conveyed by the author to the first reader. This research used the critical historical interpretation method. In addition, the author also uses library research methods, by reading books, journals and investigating books related to the discussion of this scientific work. Based on the description of this scientific work, the authors draw the following conclusions: first, the meaning of the word τέλειος in Matthew 5:48 does not refer to a sinless perfect state, but rather to the meaning of completeness. Second, the example of life for believers is God himself, not others. Third, the command to be perfect like God is not an impossible thing for God's people to do. Fourth, completeness like God can only be experienced if humans have an intimate relationship with God. Fifth, Jesus calls His people to be complete in fellowship. Abstrak: Matius 5:17-48 merupakan bagian dari khotbah Yesus di bukit, dimana isinya merupakan refleksi terdalam terhadap hukum Allah yang sangat kontras dengan pola dan ajaran ahli-ahli Taurat dan orang-orang Farisi. Perikop ini diakhiri dengan amanat Yesus kepada para pengikut-Nya untuk menjadi sempurna sebagaimana Bapa di surga adalah sempurna (5:48). Kata sempurna dalam teks ini diterjemahkan dari kata Yunani τέλειος yang sebenarnya bisa diterjemahkan sebagai sempurna, lengkap atau dewasa. Perbedaan tafsir akan makna kata τέλειος ini kemudian memunculkan beberapa pemikiran dan doktrin yang berbeda-beda. Dalam penelitian Matius 5:48 ini penulis menggunakan prinsip-prinsip umum hermeneutik guna mencari makna atau maksud yang disampaikan penulis kepada pembaca pertama. Metode tafsir yang digunakan adalah metode tafsir historis kritis. Selain itu penulis juga menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan atau library research, dengan membaca buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal dan menyelidiki kitab yang berkaitan dengan bahasan karya ilmiah ini. Berdasarkan hasil uraian dari karya ilmiah ini, penulis menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut: pertama, makna kata τέλειος dalam Matius 5:48 tidak menunjuk pada keadaan sempurna yang tanpa dosa, melainkan pada arti kelengkapan. Kedua, keteladanan hidup bagi orang percaya adalah Allah sendiri, bukan orang lain. Ketiga, perintah untuk menjadi sempurna seperti Allah bukanlah suatu hal yang mustahil untuk dilakukan umat Allah. Keempat, kelengkapan seperti Allah hanya dapat dialami jika manusia memiliki hubungan yang intim dengan Allah. Kelima, Yesus memanggil umat-Nya untuk menjadi lengkap di dalam persekutuan.

Njoo Cheong Seng: An Artist in the Fight between Liberalism and Eastern Traditions

As an artist, Njoo Cheong Seng (writer, playwright, film producer, and director) made efforts to respond to colonial discourse through his works and activities from the mid-1920s to the 1940s. His responses manifested in the forms of resistance and counter discourse. This paper seeks to explore the ideas and forms expressed in the counter discourse by Njoo Cheong Seng, an artist of Chinese Indonesian ethnicity. The perspective applied in this research is the postcolonial approach, particularly with regard to the concepts of hybridity and resistance. The deconstructive reading framework interpretation method was applied to determine the opposing relationship between the colonised and the coloniser discourses. The results show that Njoo Cheong Seng supported the movement to restore Chinese characteristics as a form of cultural resistance to the idea of Dutch colonial liberalism. The strategy that he used seemed to support the colonial discourse while simultaneously masking the hybridity that he promoted through ideas such as cultural nationalism. In addition, Njoo Cheong Seng and other similar collective artists developed a strategy that seemed to be of a puritan nature; however, it was, in fact, a simultaneous hybridity that consistently responded to modernity values. Njoo Cheong Seng actually opposed modernity born of liberalism. Essentially, he opposed the concept of the human as the centre of everything, or anthropocentrism.

REACHING THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT IN ISLAMIC VALUE: THEMATIC TAFSEER STUDY

This research is significant to fill the gaps in the development of green building concepts that give an emphasis to the technical strategies or solutions. This study used the thematic Quranic interpretation method (maudhu'i). It was done by collecting verses from the Quran related to the environment in general, specifically using quantitative content analysis. The result shows that there are two significant main categories stated for greenship based on thematic, mainly ASD and WAC. It reaches the most vital points. It is 56.1% points of ASD and 28.5% of WAC. It is expected that, by applying this approach, the green building concept will be much easier to be accepted, understood by human being as caliphs, and implemented as well as possible.

Akibat Hukum Pada Pemisahan Simpanan Dari Nasabah Bank Saat Likuidasi Untuk Memperoleh Jaminan Dari Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan

Abstrak. Penelitian dalam artikel ini menjelaskan tentang adanya celah hukum yang terkait dengan kontrak penjaminan simpanan LPS terhadap syarat dan ketentuan penjaminan simpanan nasabah. Praktiknya perilaku pemecahan dana simpanan belum ada aturan lebih lanjut, sehingga muncul pertanyaan apa akibat hukum pemecahan dana simpanan oleh nasabah BDL untuk dapat penjaminan dari LPS. Artikel ini adalah penelitian hukum dengan memakai pendekatan perundang – undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Teknik analisis memakai metode interpretasi gramatikal dan sistematis. hasil penelitian ini, penulis berpendapat pemecahan dana simpanan oleh nasabah BDL untuk dapat penjaminanan dari LPS adalah tindakan nasabah yang diuntungkan secara tidak wajar, sesuai pasal 19 ayat (1) huruf b Undang Undang tentang LPS dan terdapat unsur pidana penipuan, tindak pidana di bidang perbankan, dan tindak pidana ekonomi. Akibat hukum pemecahan dana simpanan oleh nasabah BDL untuk dapat penjaminan dari LPS, yaitu hak nasabah (nasabah yang tidak melakukan tindak pemecahan dana simpanan untuk mendapatkan penjaminan dari LPS ) untuk mendapat penjaminan simpanan secara adil, hak LPS untuk tidak melakukan (omission) membayarkan penjaminan simpanan nasabah yang melakukan pemecahan dana simpanan, dan hak pemerintah untuk melakukan (commission) menjaga stabilitas perbankan dari tindakan pemecahan dana simpanan oleh nasabah dengan tujuan dijaminkan simpanannya. Abstract. The research in this article describes the existence of legal loopholes related to the LPS deposit guarantee contract against the terms and conditions of customer deposit insurance. In practice, there is no further regulation on the behavior of splitting deposit funds, so the question arises what are the legal consequences of splitting deposit funds by BDL customers to obtain guarantees from LPS. This article is a legal research using a statutory approach and a case approach. The analysis technique uses a grammatical and systematic interpretation method. the results of this study, the authors argue that the breakdown of deposit funds by BDL customers to obtain guarantees from LPS is an act of customers who benefit unreasonably, according to article 19 paragraph (1) letter b of the Law on IDIC and there is an element of criminal fraud, criminal acts in the banking sector , and economic crimes. The legal consequences of splitting deposit funds by BDL customers to obtain guarantees from LPS, namely the right of customers (customers who do not perform the act of splitting their deposit funds to obtain guarantees from LPS) to obtain a fair deposit guarantee, the right of LPS not to (omission) to pay deposit guarantees customers who split their deposit funds, and the right of the government to undertake (commission) to maintain banking stability from the act of splitting their deposit funds by customers with the aim of securing their deposits.

Interpreting Model Predictions with Constrained Perturbation and Counterfactual Instances

In recent years, machine learning models have achieved magnificent success in many industrial applications, but most of them are black boxes. It is crucial to understand why such predictions are made in many critical areas such as medicine, financial markets, and auto driving. In this paper, we propose Coco, a novel interpretation method which can interpret any binary classifier by assigning each feature an importance value for a particular prediction. We first adopt MixUp method to generate reasonable perturbations, then apply these perturbations with constraints to obtain counterfactual instances and finally compute a comprehensive metric on these instances to estimate the importance of each feature. To demonstrate the effectiveness of Coco, we conduct extensive experiments on several datasets. The results show our method achieves better performance in identifying the most important features compared with the state-of-the-art interpretation methods, including Shap and Lime.

HERMENEUTIKA AL-QUR`AN AMINA WADUD MUHSIN

Al-Qur'an has an important position in Islamic studies, beyond its function as a guidance, Holy Qur'an also functioned to be a differentiator. In interpreting hermeneutics, this is a form of interpretation method which in its operation is used to derive conclusions about the meaning of a text or verse. According to Amina Wadud, there is no truly objective method of interpreting the Qur'an. Each commentator sets several subjective choices. In Islamic studies, there are several approaches offered by intellectuals to get the moral message of Islam as a religion that has a gender perspective. Here the author attempt to discuss several examples of Amina Wadud's interpretation with her hermeneutical model regarding the issue of women's rights and roles. The aim is to evaluate the extent to which the position of women in Muslim culture has truly reflected the meaning of Islam regarding women in society. In addition, the specific goal is to demonstrate the ability to adapt the worldview of the Qur'an to women's issues according to the modern context. The author argues that the ultimate purpose of the theory is to build a harmony among of Islamic teaching: law, ethics, and theology, each of which has to support one another.

Interpreting ruminant specific conserved non-coding elements by developmental gene regulatory network

Biologists long recognized that the genetic information encoded in DNA leads to trait innovation via gene regulatory network (GRN) in development. Here, we generated paired expression and chromatin accessibility data during rumen and esophagus development in sheep and revealed 1,601 active ruminant-specific conserved non-coding elements (active-RSCNEs). To interpret the function of these active-RSCNEs, we developed a Conserved Non-coding Element interpretation method by gene Regulatory network (CNEReg) to define toolkit transcription factors (TTF) and model its regulation on rumen specific gene via batteries of active-RSCNEs during development. Our developmental GRN reveals 18 TTFs and 313 active-RSCNEs regulating the functional modules of the rumen and identifies OTX1, SOX21, HOXC8, SOX2, TP63, PPARG and 16 active-RSCNEs that functionally distinguish the rumen from the esophagus. We argue that CNEReg is an attractive systematic approach to integrate evo-devo concepts with omics data to understand how gene regulation evolves and shapes complex traits.

Kritik terhadap Metode Tafsir Hermeneutik Pembebasan terhadap Peristiwa Keluaran Sebagai Suatu Bentuk Pembebasan

Hermeneutics is the exegetical method used by theologians to interpret the Bible according to its views and purposes. This research is a qualitative descriptive study to study the hermeneutic interpretation method of the Output event as a form of change. The Exodus events are important in the Bible, especially the Old Testament because God freed His people from the exploitation and oppression of the Egyptians. Theologians use the Israelite exodus from Egypt as the main hermeneutic or interpretive reference for the purpose of claiming and claiming that the exodus event is the basis for contemporary freedom from slavery, oppression or poverty. Through the spirit of exodus events and events, theologians develop hermeneutic methods to interpret output events according to their views and goals. Hermeneutic interpretation method uses an approach; postmodern, reader-centered method, text-centered method, ideological criticism approach, and critical criticism. Abstrak: Hermeneutika pembebasan adalah metode penafsiran yang digunakan oleh para teolog pembebasan untuk menafsirkan Alkitab menurut pandangan dan tujuan pembebasan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif untuk melakukan kajian metode tafsir hermeneutik pembebasan terhadap peristiwa Keluaran sebagai suatu bentuk pembebasan. Peristiwa Exodus adalah peristiwa penting dalam Alkitab, terutama Perjanjian Lama karena Tuhan membebaskan umat-Nya dari eksploitasi dan penindasan orang Mesir. Para teolog pembebasan menggunakan eksodus bangsa Israel dari Mesir sebagai rujukan utama penafsiran atau hermeneutik untuk tujuan semangat pembebasan dan mengklaim bahwa peristiwa eksodus adalah dasar untuk kebebasan dari perbudakan, penindasan atau kemiskinan di masa kini. Melalui semangat pembebasan dan peristiwa eksodus, para teolog pembebasan mengembangkan metode hermeneutik untuk menafsirkan peristiwa keluaran sesuai dengan pandangan dan tujuan pembebasan. Metode tafsir hermeneutik pembebasan menggunakan pendekatan; postmodern, metode berpusat pada pembaca, metode berpusat pada teks, pendekatan kritik ideologis, dan pendekatan kritik pembebasan.