The study of evolutionary parasitology

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies ◽  
Basic Scheme ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

An overview of the evolutionary process and the four basic questions that can be asked for biological phenomena. Furthermore, what biological units evolve, and the particular role of genes, is explained. Life history is introduced as a basic scheme that applies to individuals as well as to infections within a host. In particular, life history theory highlights the relevance of transmission as an equivalent to reproduction in the life history of individuals. The last section mentions several major methods for studying evolutionary parasitology; in particular, optimality approaches, the study of evolutionarily stable strategies, and comparative studies. Introducing the disease space as an illustrative tool for major topics in the book chapters.

Queering Gender Identity Work: A Life History of a Black Transgender Woman

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esethu Monakali
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This article offers an analysis of the identity work of a black transgender woman through life history research. Identity work pertains to the ongoing effort of authoring oneself and positions the individual as the agent; not a passive recipient of identity scripts. The findings draw from three life history interviews. Using thematic analysis, the following themes emerge: institutionalisation of gender norms; gender and sexuality unintelligibility; transitioning and passing; and lastly, gender expression and public spaces. The discussion follows from a poststructuralist conception of identity, which frames identity as fluid and as being continually established. The study contends that identity work is a complex and fragmented process, which is shaped by other social identities. To that end, the study also acknowledges the role of collective agency in shaping gender identity.

The construction of a leadership identity based on empathy, care, and participation: María Eliana's history

2021 ◽  
pp. 174114322110380
Author(s):  
Andrea Carrasco ◽  
María E Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Life History ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Leadership Identity ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Identity Based

Recent academic research highlights the role of leadership identity when thinking about the improvement of the educational field. Based on this research, this article aims to identify and analyze the elements that affect the development of leadership identity in female school principals within the Chilean context. This is achieved by working from a biographical-narrative approach, specifically from the life history technique. This analysis emerges from a considerate reflection on the teachings, and personal and professional milestones highlighted in the biogram. Both personally and professionally, a multiplicity of elements is observed in the life history of María Eliana, influencing the development of her leadership identity, particularly highlighting her self-recognition as a woman. This identity is oriented towards social justice, based on socio-emotional tools such as care, empathy, and participation; and understands and values the role these elements must take in Chilean education. The case study presents tensions for the Chilean educational system, which must be able to address the complexities that women experience while holding leadership positions, especially when challenged with the perspective that school is an inclusive space of social justice.

The effect of childhood unpredictability on co-parenting relationships during the transition to parenthood: A life history approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 2438-2458
Author(s):  
Ohad Szepsenwol
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Parental Behaviors ◽  
Childhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Environmental Unpredictability ◽  
History Approach

Recent extensions to life history theory posit that exposure to environmental unpredictability during childhood should forecast negative parental behaviors in adulthood. In the current research, this logic was extended to co-parental behaviors, which refer to how parents coordinate, share responsibility, and support each other’s parental efforts. The effects of early-life unpredictability on individual and dyadic co-parental functioning were examined in a sample of 109 families (two parents and their firstborn child) who were followed longitudinally from before the child’s birth until the age of two. Greater early-life unpredictability (family changes, residential changes, and parents’ occupational changes by age 8) experienced by mothers, but not fathers, predicted more negative co-parental behaviors in triadic observations 6 months post birth, and lower couple-reported co-parenting quality assessed 3, 9, 18, and 24 months post birth. These effects were not explained by parents’ childhood socioeconomic status or current relationship quality. These findings highlight the role of mothers in shaping co-parenting relationships and how these relationships might be influenced by mothers’ early-life experiences.

scholarly journals Trade-off between offspring mass and number: the lightest offspring bear the costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 20190707
Author(s):  
Joanie Van de Walle ◽  
Andreas Zedrosser ◽  
Jon E. Swenson ◽  
Fanie Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Relationship

Life-history theory predicts a trade-off between offspring size and number. However, the role of intra-litter phenotypic variation in shaping this trade-off is often disregarded. We compared the strength of the relationship between litter size and mass from the perspective of the lightest and the heaviest yearling offspring in 110 brown bear litters in Sweden. We showed that the mass of the lightest yearlings decreased with increasing litter size, but that the mass of the heaviest yearling remained stable, regardless of litter size. Consistent with a conservative reproductive strategy, our results suggest that mothers maintained a stable investment in a fraction of the litter, while transferring the costs of larger litter size to the remaining offspring. Ignoring intra-litter phenotypic variation may obscure our ability to detect a trade-off between offspring size and number.

scholarly journals Mainstreaming Caenorhabditis elegans in experimental evolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1778) ◽  
pp. 20133055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy C. Gray ◽  
Asher D. Cutter
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Mating System Evolution

Experimental evolution provides a powerful manipulative tool for probing evolutionary process and mechanism. As this approach to hypothesis testing has taken purchase in biology, so too has the number of experimental systems that use it, each with its own unique strengths and weaknesses. The depth of biological knowledge about Caenorhabditis nematodes, combined with their laboratory tractability, positions them well for exploiting experimental evolution in animal systems to understand deep questions in evolution and ecology, as well as in molecular genetics and systems biology. To date, Caenorhabditis elegans and related species have proved themselves in experimental evolution studies of the process of mutation, host–pathogen coevolution, mating system evolution and life-history theory. Yet these organisms are not broadly recognized for their utility for evolution experiments and remain underexploited. Here, we outline this experimental evolution work undertaken so far in Caenorhabditis , detail simple methodological tricks that can be exploited and identify research areas that are ripe for future discovery.

Beyond allostatic load: Rethinking the role of stress in regulating human development

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Ellis ◽  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Adaptive Calibration ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Response Systems

AbstractHow do exposures to stress affect biobehavioral development and, through it, psychiatric and biomedical disorder? In the health sciences, the allostatic load model provides a widely accepted answer to this question: stress responses, while essential for survival, have negative long-term effects that promote illness. Thus, the benefits of mounting repeated biological responses to threat are traded off against costs to mental and physical health. The adaptive calibration model, an evolutionary–developmental theory of stress–health relations, extends this logic by conceptualizing these trade-offs as decision nodes in allocation of resources. Each decision node influences the next in a chain of resource allocations that become instantiated in the regulatory parameters of stress response systems. Over development, these parameters filter and embed information about key dimensions of environmental stress and support, mediating the organism's openness to environmental inputs, and function to regulate life history strategies to match those dimensions. Drawing on the adaptive calibration model, we propose that consideration of biological fitness trade-offs, as delineated by life history theory, is needed to more fully explain the complex relations between developmental exposures to stress, stress responsivity, behavioral strategies, and health. We conclude that the adaptive calibration model and allostatic load model are only partially complementary and, in some cases, support different approaches to intervention. In the long run, the field may be better served by a model informed by life history theory that addresses the adaptive role of stress response systems in regulating alternative developmental pathways.

The life history of Branchinecta mackini Dexter (Crustacea: Anostraca) in an argillotrophic lake of Alberta

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R. Daborn
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fairy Shrimp ◽  
Maximum Biomass ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mean Size

The life history of B. mackini was studied in a large argillotrophic lake during 1970–1972. Hatching began immediately after spring thaw and was terminated by rising salinity 10 days to 2 weeks later. Growth rates reached maxima of 1 mm/day at 4 weeks of age and then declined as mean size approached 22–23 mm at 7–8 weeks. Clutch sizes varied as a function of female length. Maximum biomass of 580 mg dry weight/m2 (2700 cal/m2) was reached in late May, of which 3.9% per day was consumed by B. gigas. Source of the energy is presumed to be a bacteria – organic matter complex associated with suspended particles. Life cycle details are compared with other fairy shrimp species and the role of B. mackini in the community is discussed.

scholarly journals ROLE OF COLOR IN ILLUSTRATED JAIN MANUSCRIPTS (WITH REFERENCE TO ADIPURAN)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Srishti Jain
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Red Color ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Color

Color is of great importance in our India, without color, there is no basis for any object, person, color really tells us the nature of each other. The color or color refers to the color of the substance, red, yellow, blue. Depending on the combination of these, several distinctions of varna can be made. India is a religious country with different beliefs. Manuscripts have a special relationship with religion. Manuscripts are the best means of salvation for our teachers. One of them is the illustrated Jain manuscript Adipuran. The manuscript, which has been composed by Acharya Pushpadanta, depicts the life history of Lord Rishabhdev (the first Tirthankara) through paintings. The presented manuscript is stored in the scripture store of Terapanthiyan, the Digambar Jain big temple of Jaipur. Its clerical 1597 (AD 1540) is Falgun Shukla 13. Its writing work was done by a Brahmin man named Vishnudas and the paintings are made by Harinath Kayastha and his family. This 687-page manuscript has 541 colored illustrations corresponding to the biography of Tirthankara Rishabhdev. Mainly in the picture, the mineral color (made from a mixture of vegetable juices, ie the color made from the bark of clay stone trees, etc.) is the most used. Mainly ocher (red) Hironji (green) Ramaraj (yellow) ink (black) color is mainly used. The four colors used in the manuscript are symbols of Jainism, such as the red color (ocher) represents our inner vision, that is, the Siddha Parmeshti used in Jainism. Those who have attained salvation. Yellow color activates our mind. Green color gives peace. It helps in self-realization. Blue color is absorbent and does not allow the outside effect to go inside. Black color was used for writing in manuscripts. The ink for writing work was made with three methods. हमारे भारतवर्ष में रंग का बहुत महत्व है रंग के बिना किसी भी वस्तु, व्यक्ति का कोई आधार नहीं है सही मायने में रंग ही हमको एक दूसरे के स्वरूप को बताते हैं। वर्ण या रंग का अर्थ पदार्थ की रंगत से है लाल, पीला, नीला। इनके मिश्रण के आधार पर वर्ण के अनेक भेद किये जा सकते हैं। भारतदेश एक धर्म प्रधान देश है जिसमें विभिन्न मान्यतायें हैं। धर्म के साथ पाण्डुलिपियों का विशेष सम्बन्ध है पाण्डुलिपियाँ हमारे गुरूओं की मोक्ष साधना का उत्तम साधन है उनमें से एक है सचित्र जैन पाण्डुलिपि आदिपुराण। जिसकी रचना आचार्य पुष्पदंत ने की है पाण्डुलिपि में भगवान ऋषभदेव (प्रथम तीर्थंकर) के जीवन चरित को चित्रों के माध्यम से दर्शाया गया है। प्रस्तुत पाण्डुलिपि जयपुर के दिगम्बर जैन बड़ा मन्दिर तेरापंथियान के शास्त्र भण्डार में संग्रहित है। इसका लिपिकाल 1597 (ई. सन् 1540) फाल्गुन शुक्ल 13 है। इसका लेखन कार्य विश्नुदास नाम के ब्राह्मण व्यक्ति के द्वारा किया गया और चित्र हरिनाथ कायस्थ और उनके परिवार द्वारा बनाये गये हैं। 687 पृष्ठों की इस पाण्डुलिपि में तीर्थंकर ऋषभदेव के जीवनचरित के अनुरूप 541 रंगीन चित्र हैं। मुख्य रूप से चित्र में खनिज रंग (वनस्पति रसों के मिश्रण से निर्मित अर्थात् मिट्टी पत्थर वृक्षों की छाल आदि से बने रंग) का प्रयोग सर्वाधिक किया गया है। मुख्यतः गेरू (लाल) हिरोंजी (हरा) रामरज (पीला) स्याही (काला) रंग प्रमुख रूप से प्रयोग हुआ है। पाण्डुलिपि में प्रयुक्त चारों रंग जैन धर्म के प्रतीक हैं जैसे कि लाल रंग (गेरू) हमारी आंतरिक दृष्टि यानि कि जैन धर्म में प्रयुक्त सिद्ध परमेष्टी को दर्शाता है। जिन्होंने मोक्ष को प्राप्त कर लिया है। पीला रंग हमारे मन को सक्रिय करता है। हरा रंग शांति देता है। आत्मसाक्षात्कार में सहायक होता है। नीला रंग अवशोषक होता है वह बाहर के प्रभाव को अंदर नहीं जाने देता। काला रंग पाण्डुलिपियों में लेखनकार्य के लिये प्रयोग में लाया जाता था। लेखन कार्य के लिये स्याही तीन विधियों से बनायी जाती थी।

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