scholarly journals Unbalanced Development

Author(s):  
Christopher Cramer ◽  
John Sender ◽  
Arkebe Oqubay

Balance is a powerful idea in economics—in equilibrium economics, in strategies of balanced growth, and many other strategies. This chapter argues for a different understanding of the history of capitalism and, therefore, of policy and strategy. The idea of imbalance is a springboard to explore the ideas of Albert Hirschman. These include the concept of linkages and the dynamics of unbalanced growth (pressures, tensions, and disequilibrium as the motor of change), the principle of the hiding hand, and a focus on unintended consequences and poorly measured side effects of development projects and policies. In line with Hirschman’s ‘possibilism’, we argue that the critiques of large ‘mega-projects’ are misleading. Hirschman also highlighted the difference between economists who think a country’s prospects are determined by its ‘endowments’ (what it is and has) and those more interested in what a country does and becomes through what it does.

Author(s):  
Andréia Cordeiro Mecca ◽  
Miriã Martins de Brito

Resumo O objetivo central deste ensaio foi discutir a diferença entre uma sociedade pautada na produção de mercadorias, que nega a fruição do ócio a favor do capital, e sociedades indígenas ameríndias, que valorizam a vida humana e dos demais seres. As raízes históricas do capitalismo foram base para reflexão de como a exploração do trabalho humano tornou-se o centro da busca por acumulação de riquezas. Depois abordamos visões de sociedades indígenas ameríndias que, desde uma filosofia ancestral em sintonia com a existência e a coexistência, respeitam a outrem e a Terra. Consideramos, com base na literatura escrita por indígenas, bem como de autores/as alinhados/as a referenciais suleados, a possibilidade de outro mundo possível, especialmente observando a filosofia do Bem-Viver, que aponta para a construção coletiva e harmônica de novas formas de viver, que valorizam e respeitam a diversidade, a natureza, a vida na Terra e da Terra.Palavras-chave: Bem-Viver. Ócio. Trabalho. Resistance and coexistence: from the production of goods to the revolution of life Abstract The purpose of this essay was to discuss the difference between a society based on the production of goods, which denies the enjoyment of leisure in favor of capital, and Amerindian indigenous societies, which value human life and that of other beings. The history of capitalism is the basis for reflecting on how the exploitation of human labor results in the accumulation of wealth. Then, we approach visions of indigenous Amerindian societies whose existence and coexistence respect each other and the Earth. We consider, based on the literature written by indigenous people, as well as authors aligned with southern references, another possible world, especially observing the philosophy of Good-Living and new ways of living, which value and respect diversity, nature, life on Earth and Earth.Keywords: Good-Living. Idleness. Job. Resistencia y coexistencia: desde la producción de mercaderías hasta la valoración de la vida Resumen El objetivo principal de este ensayo fue discutir la diferencia entre una sociedad basada en la producción de mercaderías, que niega el disfrute del ocio a favor del capital, y las sociedades indígenas amerindias, que valoran la vida humana y la de otros seres. Las raíces históricas del capitalismo fueron la base para reflexionar sobre cómo la explotación del trabajo humano se convirtió en el centro de la búsqueda de la acumulación de riquezas. Después nos acercamos a visiones de sociedades indígenas amerindias que, desde una filosofía ancestral en sintonía con la existencia y la coexistencia, respetan a otren y a la Tierra. Consideramos, a partir de la literatura escrita por indígenas, así como de autores/as alineados con referenciales sureñados, la posibilidad de otro mundo posible, especialmente observando la filosofía del Buen-Vivir, que apunta a la construcción colectiva y armónica de nuevas formas de vivir, que valoran y respetan la diversidad, la naturaleza, la vida en la Tierra y en la Tierra.Palabras clave: Buen-Vivir. Ocio. Trabajo.


2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Miklós Buzás

After a short overview of the history of probiotics, the author presents the development of human intestinal microflora based on the newest genetic data and the microbiological features of main probiotics. The indications of probiotic administration have been defined and extended in recent years. The author reviews significant results of probiotic treatment in some gastrointestinal diseases based on meta-analytical data. Probiotics are useful in preventing and treating diarrhoea caused by antibiotics and Clostridium difficile caused diarrhoea. In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, preparations containing certain Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium strains or Saccaromyces boulardii could enhance by 5–10% the rate of successful eradication and reduce the incidence and severity of the side effects. Some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and thus the quality of life can be improved by probiotics. Their beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis was proven, while in Crohn’s disease has not yet been defined. The use of probiotics is not included in guidelines, with the exception of the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus. For each disease it is advisable to use probiotics containing strains only with proven beneficial effect. The efficiency of preparations containing mixed strains has not yet been properly investigated. The author reviews the rare but potentially serious side effects of probiotics. In Hungary, there are many probiotic preparations available which can be purchased in pharmacies without prescription: their use is more empirical than evidence-based. The European Food Safety Authority has recently rejected claims for probiotics to be classed as medicines given the lack of convincing evidence on the effects of probiotics on human health and well-being. Clearly, further research is needed to collect evidence which could be incorporated into the international guidelines. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 294–304.


Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini

In the Cold War, “development” was a catchphrase that came to signify progress, modernity, and economic growth. Development aid was closely aligned with the security concerns of the great powers, for whom infrastructure and development projects were ideological tools for conquering hearts and minds around the globe, from Europe and Africa to Asia and Latin America. This book provides a global history of development, drawing on a wealth of archival evidence to offer a panoramic and multifaceted portrait of a Cold War phenomenon that transformed the modern world. Taking readers from the aftermath of the Second World War to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the book shows how development projects altered local realities, transnational interactions, and even ideas about development itself. The book shines new light on the international organizations behind these projects—examining their strategies and priorities and assessing the actual results on the ground—and it also gives voice to the recipients of development aid. It shows how the Cold War shaped the global ambitions of development on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and how international organizations promoted an unrealistically harmonious vision of development that did not reflect local and international differences. The book presents a global perspective on Cold War development, demonstrating how its impacts are still being felt today.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Natalie Binczek

Der deutsche Barockdichter Georg Philipp Harsdörffer skizziert eine Theorie der Emblematik, die vor allem dessen Anwendungsvielfalt hervorhebt. Er hebt dabei besonders den Unterschied zwischen buchinterner und buchexterner Verwendung auf, indem er sich nicht nur für die Aufnahme der Embleme in Büchern, sondern auch auf Geschirr und Tapeten ausspricht. Der Beitrag liest Harsdörffers extensive Überlegungen nicht nur als Beiträge zur Theorie und Geschichte der Embleme als ›Sinn-Bilder‹, sondern auch als Beitrag zur Designgeschichte. German Baroque poet Georg Philipp Harsdörffer delineates a theory of emblematics that clearly sets itself apart from other contemporary theories, especially by its versatility. In particular, the author negates the difference between internal and external usage of emblems in books not only by promoting the incorporation of emblems into printed works but also by supporting their depiction on dishes and tapestries. This article strives to read Harsdörffer’s extensive thoughts on the matter of emblems not simply as another work on the theory and history of emblematics but rather as a contribution to design history as well


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e237622
Author(s):  
Osama Mosalem ◽  
Anas Alsara ◽  
Fawzi Abu Rous ◽  
Borys Hrinczenko

A 57-year-old Southeast Asian woman with a remote history of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the right labium superius oris (upper lip) presented to the hospital with vague epigastric pain. On workup, she was found to have multiple pleural nodules. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic ACC. After 8 months of active surveillance, evidence of disease progression was found and the patient was started on pembrolizumab. Follow-up after starting pembrolizumab showed stable disease with no significant side effects.


Author(s):  
Simon Kirchin

This chapter introduces the distinction between thin and thick concepts and then performs a number of functions. First, two major accounts of thick concepts—separationism and nonseparationism—are introduced and, in doing so, a novel account of evaluation is indicated. Second, each chapter is outlined as is the general methodology, followed, third, by a brief history of the discussion of thick concepts, referencing Philippa Foot, Hilary Putnam, Gilbert Ryle, and Bernard Williams among others. Fourth, a number of relevant contrasts are introduced, such as the fact–value distinction and the difference between concepts, properties, and terms. Lastly, some interesting and relevant questions are raised that, unfortunately, have to be left aside.


Author(s):  
Timur Ergen

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.


Conventional accounts often conceive the genesis of capitalism in Europe within the conjunctures of agricultural, commercial, and industrial revolutions. Challenging this widely believed cliché, this volume traces the history of capitalism across civilizations, tenth century onwards, and argues that capitalism was neither a monolithic entity nor exclusively an economic phenomenon confined to the West. Looking at regions as diverse as England, South America, Russia, North Africa, and East, South, West, and Southeast Asia, the book explores the plurality of developments across time and space. The chapters analyse aspects such as historical conjunctures, commodity production and distribution, circulation of knowledge and personnel, and the role of mercantile capital, small producers, and force—all the while stressing the necessity to think beyond present-day national boundaries. The book argues that the multiple histories of capitalism can be better understood from a trans-regional, intercontinental, and interconnected perspective.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Matsumoto ◽  
Kazumi Kaneshiro ◽  
Kiyonobu Takatsuki

Abstract Background Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare, autosomal-recessive photosensitive dermatosis. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have an impaired ability to repair deoxyribonucleic acid damage caused by ultraviolet rays, resulting in skin cancer. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum are more susceptible to some cancers. We herein report a case of xeroderma pigmentosum accompanied by lung cancer. Case presentation The patient was a Japanese woman in her 70s with a family history of consanguineous marriage. Her medical history included squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, in addition to xeroderma pigmentosum. She presented with dry skin with small, pigmented spots, which were particularly focused around the areas exposed to sunlight. Chest computed tomography was conducted to assess for any evidence of metastatic skin carcinoma, and revealed a tumor in the left upper subpleural lobe of the lung. Consequently, she was referred to our department. Finally, we diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma (pT2aN0M1b: stage IVA). She had an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation (p.L858R). Treatment with an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (gefitinib) was initiated, and the tumor gradually regressed. No side effects were observed. However, she later died from aspiration pneumonia. Conclusions Although xeroderma pigmentosum is rare, a history of consanguineous marriage should be verified. Because of the severe side effects of cisplatin and radiotherapy in xeroderma pigmentosum patients, the risks and benefits of treatment should be considered thoroughly.


ZDM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Prytz

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between research and governance policy in three Swedish major development projects in mathematics education: the New Math project (1960–1975), the PUMP project (1970–1980), and the Boost for Mathematics project in (2012–2016). All three projects were driven or financed by the Swedish central school authorities. Using a historical comparative method, this study deepens the understanding of how research co-exists with governance policy when preparing innovations in mathematics education. The main historical sources are official reports and governmental decisions concerning the three projects. The analysis is focused on the nature of the innovations of each project and the role of researchers in the process of creating the innovations. The analysis highlights the theories and the methods involved in those processes. The three projects are also positioned in a context of school governance policy. In Sweden, the prevailing school governing policy changed from a highly centralised governance in the 1960s to a highly decentralised governance in the 2010s. The paper concludes by discussing to what degree the researchers adhered to principles of research or school governance; in particular, the Boost for Mathematics project is considered in this regard. The relevance of the paper in relation to the emerging field of implementation research in mathematics education concerns how historical studies can give new insights about contemporary development projects in mathematics education.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document