The Science of the Soul

In the English-speaking world, Christian thinkers played a fundamental role in laying the foundation for the scientific investigation of the mind. Those thinkers who equated the soul with the psyche and accorded the mind a privileged status in the overall scheme of things played a central role in shaping discourse in mental and moral philosophy and in opposing materialistic interpretations of the mind. During the late nineteenth century, research in neurophysiology, coupled with natural historians’ endorsement of the theory of organic evolution and the increasing use of experimental and quantitative methods of understanding the data of consciousness, led to the emergence of a ‘new psychology’. Although the new psychologists joined Christians in resisting efforts on the part of scientific naturalists to reduce mental phenomena to the activity of the nervous system, they insisted on eliminating ‘God-talk’ from their discipline, thereby differentiating their own preoccupations from those of religious thinkers.

Anglospheres: Empire Redivivus?

The Anglosphere ◽

10.5871/bacad/9780197266618.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 38-55 ◽

Author(s):

Duncan Bell

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

The United States ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Deep Roots ◽

The World ◽

English Speaking ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Anglo American ◽

American Union

This chapter will explore the similarities and differences between late nineteenth-century debates on the British settler Empire and more recent visions of the Anglosphere. It suggests that the idea of the Anglosphere has deep roots in British political thought. In particular, it traces the debates over both imperial federation and Anglo-American union from the late nineteenth century onwards into the post-Brexit world. I examine three recurrent issues that have shaped arguments about the unity and potential of the ‘English-speaking peoples’: the ideal constitutional structure of the community; the economic model that it should adopt; and the role of the United States within it. I conclude by arguing that the legacy of settler colonialism, and an idealised vision of the ‘English-speaking peoples’, played a pivotal role in shaping Tory Euroscepticism from the late 1990s onwards, furnishing an influential group of politicians and public intellectuals, from Thatcher and Robert Conquest to Boris Johnson and Andrew Roberts, with an alternative non-European vision of Britain’s place in the world.

Avant-garde

Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism ◽

10.4324/9781135000356-rem982-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Irene Gammel

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Radical Innovation ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Avant Garde ◽

Early American ◽

Dialectical Relationship ◽

English Speaking ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Different Cultures

The term "avant-garde" has a double meaning, denoting first, the historical movements that started in the late nineteenth century and ended in the 1920s and 1930s, and second, the ongoing practices of radical innovation in art, literature, and fashion in the later twentieth century (often inspired by the historical avant-garde and referred to as the neo-avant-garde). Within the context of modernism, historical avant-garde movements (such as Dada, Futurism, Vorticism, Anarchism, and Constructivism) radicalized innovations in aesthetic forms and content, while also engaging viewers and readers in deliberately shocking new ways. Locked in a dialectical relationship between the avant-garde and modernism, as Richard Murphy has written (1999: 3), the historical avant-garde accelerated the advent of modernism, which routinely appropriated and repackaged avant-garde experimentation in tamer forms. As the Latinate term "avant-garde" took root first France and Italy, and later in Germany and English-speaking countries, the trajectory of the avant-garde’s relationship with, or opposition to, modernism has been theorized in a myriad of different, even conflicting, ways across different cultures. Is the avant-garde an extension of, or a synonym for, modernism (as suggested in some early American criticism) or are the two concepts in opposition to each other (as proposed in Italian and Spanish criticism)?

The Bible and Creationism

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.013.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Susan L. Trollinger ◽

William Vance Trollinger

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

First Century ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Origin Of Species ◽

Organic Evolution ◽

The Bible ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Young Earth Creationism ◽

Conservative Protestants ◽

Over Time

Biblical creationism emerged in the late nineteenth century among conservative Protestants who were unable to square a plain, commonsensical, “literal” reading of the Bible with Charles Darwin’s theory of organic evolution. As this chapter details, over time a variety of increasingly literal “creationisms” have emerged. For the first century after Origin of Species (1859), old Earth creationism—which accepted mainstream geology—held sway. But with the 1961 publication of The Genesis Flood—Noah’s flood explains the geological strata—young Earth creationism took center stage. Waiting in the wings, however, is a geocentric creationism that rejects mainstream biology, geology, and cosmology.

Replication, re-placing and naval science in comparative context, c.1868–1904

The British Journal for the History of Science ◽

10.1017/s0007087412000131 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DON LEGGETT

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Alternative Model ◽

Local Politics ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

University Of Michigan ◽

Test Tank ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Engineering Practices ◽

The University

AbstractThe test tank broadly embodied the late nineteenth-century endeavour to ‘use science’ in industry, but the meaning given to the tank differed depending on the experienced communities that made it part of their experimental and engineering practices. This paper explores the local politics surrounding three tanks: William Froude's test tank located on his private estate in Torquay (1870), the Denny tank in Dumbarton (1884) and the University of Michigan test tank (1903). The similarities and peculiarities of test tank use and interpretation identified in this paper reveal the complexities of naval science and contribute to the shaping of an alternative model of replication. This model places the emphasis on actors at sites of replication that renegotiated the meaning of the original Froude tank, and re-placed the local values and conditions which made it a functional instrument of scientific investigation.All the European [test tank] stations are modelled on the station at Haslar; [yet] each station had its own individuality which I will try to throw into relief, avoiding tedious repetitions or comparisons.1

Speech, Sex, and Mobility: Norwegian Women in a Late Nineteenth-Century “English-speaking” Settler Colony

Journal of Women s History ◽

10.1353/jowh.2016.0018 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 58-81 ◽

Author(s):

Nadia Rhook

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

English Speaking ◽

Late Nineteenth

‘A plastic power ministering to organisation’: interpretations of the mind–body relation in late nineteenth-century British psychiatry

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700047929 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 487-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael J. Clark

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Body Problem ◽

General Medicine ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Mind Body Problem ◽

SynopsisLate nineteenth-century medico-psychological approaches to the mind–body problem are discussed in relation to psychiatry's theoretical constitution as a distinct ‘mind–body’ science and practice, and to John Hughlings Jackson's ‘doctrine of concomitance’. Psychiatric ‘explanations’ of the mind–body relation are interpreted as expressions of psychiatry's independent professional interests vis-à-vis neurology and general medicine.

ISLANDERS, PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES, AND TRADITIONS REGARDING THE PAST IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLYNESIA

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x16000157 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 71-94 ◽

Author(s):

TOM SMITH

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Oral Tradition ◽

English Language ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Historical Significance ◽

The Past ◽

English Speaking ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Epic Poems ◽

Language Literature

ABSTRACTIn this article, I consider Polynesian genealogies, which took the form of epic poems composed and recited by specialist genealogists, and were handed down orally through generations of Polynesians. Some were written down in the nineteenth century, reaching an English-speaking audience through a number of works largely neglected by historians. In recent years, some anthropologists have downplayed the possibility of learning anything significant about Polynesian thought through English-language sources, but I show that there is still fresh historical insight to be gained in demonstrating how genealogies came to interact with the traditions of outsiders in the nineteenth century. While not seeking to make any absolute claims about genealogy itself, I analyse a wide body of English-language literature, relating chiefly to Hawai‘i, and see emerging from it suggestions of a dynamic Polynesian oral tradition responsive to political, social, and religious upheaval. Tellingly, Protestant missionaries arriving in the islands set their own view of history against this supposedly irrelevant tradition, and in doing so disagreed with late nineteenth-century European and American colonists and scholars who sought to emphasize the historical significance of genealogy. Thus, Western ideas about history found themselves confounded and fragmented by Polynesian traditions.

“Resolved That the Mind of Woman Is Not Inferior to That of Man”: Women's Oratorical Preparation in California State Normal School Coeducational Literary Societies in the Late Nineteenth Century

Advances in the History of Rhetoric ◽

10.1080/15362426.2012.697679 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 159-184 ◽

Author(s):

Suzanne Bordelon

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Normal School ◽

Literary Societies ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Is the Theatre a Zombie? On the Successful Failures of Émile Zola

Anglia - Zeitschrift für englische Philologie ◽

10.1515/ang-2018-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 100-120 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Rebellato

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Philosophy Of Mind ◽

Thought Experiment ◽

Emile Zola ◽

Thought Experiments ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Chinese Room ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Zombie Argument ◽

AbstractNaturalist theatre, in its late-nineteenth-century incarnation, and particularly in the work of Émile Zola, is often seen as advancing a physicalist view of the mind, where all mind states can be reduced to brain states. The novels and the plays do not uniformly or unambiguously support this analysis, so is the theory or the practice wrong? Physicalism is an idea that has had a recent renaissance, helped by the discoveries of neuroscience. Nevertheless I express some caution about the claims made for the eradication of free will. A range of thought experiments in the philosophy of mind have cast doubt on physicalism, culminating in David Chalmers’s much-debated zombie argument. I argue that zombies and their analogues represented deep social anxieties in the late nineteenth century, and make repeated appearances in Naturalism. The essay goes on to suggest that Naturalism should be considered to have conducted thought experiments, rather than just to have attempted to embody the theory on stage. Turning to John Searle’s ‘Chinese Room’ thought experiment, I suggest that theatre-making itself may be a kind of thought experiment model of the mind.

Utter Confusion and Contradiction: Franz Boas and the Problem of Human Complexion

Indigenous Visions ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300196511.003.0009 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Martha Hodes

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Native Americans ◽

Rational Method ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Racial Classification ◽

Raw Data ◽

Franz Boas ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

In the late nineteenth century, Franz Boas joined other men of science who sought to establish a rational method of labeling and organizing variations in human complexion. For Boas, it was imperative to include Native Americans, especially given the prevailing notion that, in collision with white civilization, they were soon to become extinct. Thus, Boas undertook the massive endeavor of calculation and quantification of Indian bodies. This chapter argues that when Boas published his key work, The Mind of Primitive Man in 1911, he had taken important, if tentative, steps toward disrupting the scientific drive toward racial classification. By reading Boas's raw data sheets from the early 1890s along with his writings on an array of topics, one can speculate on the significance of this little-studied aspect of his progressive assertions about race in The Mind of Primitive Man.