Prices and the distribution of national income

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Łaski
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
National Income ◽  
Price System ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This chapter examines the role of the price system in macroeconomics and in the distribution of income between wages and profits. Prices are not naturally determined by supply and demand simultaneously. Instead, prices of raw materials tend to be demand-determined, while manufactured goods are set by the firms manufacturing them. The difference between them reflects the different degrees of monopoly or competition in their respective markets, so that the prices of finished goods are more likely to be set by their producers using a mark-up over labor costs.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DENGAN METODE FULL COSTING PADA USAHA AMPLANG UD. TAUFIK JAYA MAKMUR DI SAMARINDA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Period

Determination of cost of goods must be applied appropriately and careful, because this can help entrepreneurs to compete in a manner well and in a relatively long period of time. The purpose of this study was to determine the calculation of the cost of production of the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Samarinda business which is used today and the calculation of the cost of production in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Samarinda business according to the full costing method. Full costing is a method of determining the cost of production that takes into account all elements of production costs into the cost of production, which consists of the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both behaving variable and fixed. The method used in this research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The variables of this study include the cost of production using the full costing method. Data analysis was performed by calculating the cost of production based on the concept of the full costing method. The results showed that the results of the analysis of the calculation of the Cost of Production of envelopes per kg in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Endeavor conducted at present were Rp. 80,312.50 per kg. Whereas the Cost of Production of envelopes per kg in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Business in Samarinda if calculated using the full costing method is Rp 83,068.23 per kg. The difference in cost of production of the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Amplang Business conducted so far using the full costing method for the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Endeavor is Rp 2,755.73 per kg. It is recommended that UD Taufik Jaya Makmur in Samarinda should calculate and charge all elements of the factory overhead costs in one production period (month). This is done so that information about the cost of production can be a good basis for the factory in setting the selling price of envelopes at UD Taufik Jaya Makmur in Samarinda.

scholarly journals Calculation of Cost of Production Using the Job Order Costing Method Against Determination of Selling Prices at PT OTO Media Kreasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-125
Author(s):  
Alfian Maliki ◽  
Heru Satria Rukmana
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

PT Oto Media Kreasi is a service company engaged in the field of interior and exterior design bodies, producing based on orders or projects. The calculation of the cost of production at PT Oto Media Kreasi plays a role in determining the selling price, which affects the company's profit.The purpose of this study is to determine the calculation of the cost of production as well calculation in determining the selling price with the method applied by PT Oto Media Kreasi, also to find out the calculation of the cost of production as well as the calculation in determining the selling price using the job order costing method and to know the role of the method job order costing in loading the cost of production precisely and more efficiently.The results showed that in calculating the cost of production of PT Oto Media Kreasi still used a simple calculation, only calculating the cost of raw materials, namely Rp.1,092,778,291, direct labor costs Rp.313,200,000, and overhead costs Rp.27,600,000 . The total calculation of the company's production cost is Rp. 1,433,578,291, with a margin percentage of 35.37% of the selling price of Rp. 1,940,640,000. Whereas in calculating the cost of production using the job order costing method in calculating the cost of raw materials Rp.1,101,178,291, the accumulated residual value of raw materials Rp.8,682,000, direct labor costs Rp.313,200,000, and overhead costs Rp.60,532 .260. The total calculation of the cost of production using the job order costing method is Rp.1,466,228,551, with a margin percentage of 32.36% of the selling price of Rp.1,940,640,000. The company has not calculated the cost of goods manufactured using the job order costing method, the cost of goods manufactured is only done by estimating all costs needed to produce a product, so the costs are not classified correctly and the calculations are sufficient simple, so it is difficult to determine the right selling price for a product ordered.The proposed use of the job order costing method is expected so that the owner of the company can apply the calculation of the cost of production so that the company can determine the cost of production in determining the selling price more precisely, so that the owner can know the overall cost of producing the order and also can know the actual acquisition of margins .

scholarly journals Peran Kepuasan Wajib pajak Sebagai Pemediasi Atas Pelayanan Fiskus Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
Samsul Bahri ◽  
Syahril Djaddang ◽  
Tri Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Construction Services ◽  
Project Company

Increasingly rapid economic development resulted in many new companies springing up and creating a tight business competition. To be able to maintain business continuity, companies must be able to make a careful planning and control of the costs. Planning and control can be realized with the budget as a mean of control. Controlling costs by the company are intended to enable companies to minimize costs. At minimal costs the company will be able to achieve the profit target by more optimal as primary destinations in general. In connection to this, the purpose of this study was to determine the costs of the company budget preparation, budget realization costs and revenues, as well as the role of the budget as a mean of control in achieving its profit target. The research was conducted at PT ABC located in Bogor. PT ABC is one of the private companies engaged in construction services focusing on building the types of housing. This kind of development focus includes the construction of a building without infrastructure development. The study of PT ABC shows that the preparation of the company's budget is based on field survey and accompanying informations on the revenue budget and previous projects. In the implementation of the work there was an increase in the actual cost, thus resulting difference in the budget and actual costs. The occurrence of this difference will reduce the company’s profits. Overall budgets have created optimal control of the realization of the costs incurred. Budget serves as guidelines and benchmarks maximum value in any cost incurred by the company. However, in the implementation of the work there are still some shortcomings, resulting cost difference persists. This difference occurs because lack of oversight of the usage of raw materials. Companies must be able to improve control over the using of raw materials to be better coordinated. Increased control is evidenced by the increase in its profit target achievement on the next project. In the subsequent project, company managed to improve the performance of surveillance so that the difference in costs declined and its optimal profit target can be achieved.

Mobilization Of Resources For Development

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-256
Author(s):  
A. H. M. Sadeq
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Distribution Of Income

IntroductionThe employment of resources is important for any aspect of the spectrumof overall development, be it economic or non-economic, spiritual or material.Although spiritual matters seem to be noneconomic in nature, their inculcationand development involve the use of resources. Hence, Allah (SWT) instructsmankind to invest in the development of spiritual values. The spread andestablishment of Islam require travelling, dissemination of knowledge,education, publication of literatw~u, se of media, protecton of Islamic societiesfrom non-Islamic forces (i.e. internal and external defense), administrationof institutions intended for the implementation of Islamic obligations andnorms, and the like. Each of these functions requires tremendous amountsof material and human resources.Economic development comprises two essential components: economicgrowth and equity in the distribution of income and wealth. Economic growthrequires investable resources for producing capital goods, hiring workers andmanagers, acquiring raw materials, improving technology, and organizingthe production process. In particular, capital formation and technologicalchange have been considered as key factors in economic development; theavailability of adequate investable resources is a prerequisite for the smoothsupply and use of these factors.The Islamic code of life provides enormous incentives for mobilizingresources, both material and human, and an institutional framework conduciveto efficient use of resources for development. This paper, which concentrateson mobilizing resources for development, discusses natural, human andfinancial resources, as well as the role of government and internal and externalinstitutions in the development process ...

The Changing Distribution of Income: Evidence and Explanations

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Factor Shares ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Abstract This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.

scholarly journals Peranan Anggaran Biaya Proyek Sebagai Alat Pengendalian Biaya dalam Usaha mencapai target laba Perusahaan

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Fransiska . ◽  
Arief Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Construction Services ◽  
Project Company

Increasingly rapid economic development resulted in many new companies springing up and creating a tight business competition. To be able to maintain business continuity, companies must be able to make a careful planning and control of the costs. Planning and control can be realized with the budget as a mean of control. Controlling costs by the company are intended to enable companies to minimize costs. At minimal costs the company will be able to achieve the profit target by more optimal as primary destinations in general. In connection to this, the purpose of this study was to determine the costs of the company budget preparation, budget realization costs and revenues, as well as the role of the budget as a mean of control in achieving its profit target. The research was conducted at PT ABC located in Bogor. PT ABC is one of the private companies engaged in construction services focusing on building the types of housing. This kind of development focus includes the construction of a building without infrastructure development. The study of PT ABC shows that the preparation of the company's budget is based on field survey and accompanying informations on the revenue budget and previous projects. In the implementation of the work there was an increase in the actual cost, thus resulting difference in the budget and actual costs. The occurrence of this difference will reduce the company’s profits. Overall budgets have created optimal control of the realization of the costs incurred. Budget serves as guidelines and benchmarks maximum value in any cost incurred by the company. However, in the implementation of the work there are still some shortcomings, resulting cost difference persists. This difference occurs because lack of oversight of the usage of raw materials. Companies must be able to improve control over the using of raw materials to be better coordinated. Increased control is evidenced by the increase in its profit target achievement on the next project. In the subsequent project, company managed to improve the performance of surveillance so that the difference in costs declined and its optimal profit target can be achieved.

scholarly journals Peranan Anggaran Biaya Produksi Sebagai Alat Pengendalian Biaya Produksi Pada PT Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia - Bogor

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
Septiani Septiani ◽  
Heti Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Cost Control ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
New Employees ◽  
The Difference

Budgeting of production costs is very useful as a tool to find out and predict the costs of  production process in order that any surplus or deficiency of the production components can be avoided.  As a result,  carrying out performance measurement for cost control becomes  more simple and  eventually the goal is achieved. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the production cost budget as a means of controlling production costs. The data used in this research are gained from the  interviews with relevant authorities  and direct observation to record the budget and the realization of production costs in 2018 and 2019. Analysis of the difference in costs is conducted at PT Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia using  qualitative methods. The results of the research is obtained by comparing the budgeted costs with costs realization. The control of production costs can be done optimally. However, the company does not have  factory’s overhead costs budget that distinguishes between fixed overhead costs with variables. It is also found out that there are  deviations in direct labor costs resulting from the increased spending due to the hiring of new employees.     Key words : Production Cost Budget and Cost Control

The Marshall Plan Era

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Riley
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Truman Administration ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Rural Production ◽  
European Populations

In 1947, urban European populations were having difficulty finding enough to eat in local markets. Farmers were not selling their food to the cities because there were too few manufactured goods available to entice farmers to grow more than their families required. Manufacturing needed to be expanded and jobs created throughout the continent to revive urban demand for rural production. The American Marshall Plan was designed to provide the financing, raw materials, and food needed to kick-start Europe’s economic recovery and revive agriculture. This chapter describes that program and the role of food aid in the ensuing European recovery. It traces the shifting emphasis, in the later years of the Marshall Plan, to supporting governments in Asia facing increased threat of communist subversion. The chapter also charts the failure of the Truman administration to deal successfully with domestic agriculture, particularly the buildup in government-owned food stocks.

The role of differential phase contrast in electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Pure Phase ◽  
Differential Phase Contrast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
First Moment

Dekkers and de Lang (1977) have discussed a practical method of realising differential phase contrast in a STEM. The method involves taking the difference signal from two semi-circular detectors placed symmetrically about the optic axis and subtending the same angle (2α) at the specimen as that of the cone of illumination. Such a system, or an obvious generalisation of it, namely a quadrant detector, has the characteristic of responding to the gradient of the phase of the specimen transmittance. In this paper we shall compare the performance of this type of system with that of a first moment detector (Waddell et al.1977).For a first moment detector the response function R(k) is of the form R(k) = ck where c is a constant, k is a position vector in the detector plane and the vector nature of R(k)indicates that two signals are produced. This type of system would produce an image signal given bywhere the specimen transmittance is given by a (r) exp (iϕ (r), r is a position vector in object space, ro the position of the probe, ⊛ represents a convolution integral and it has been assumed that we have a coherent probe, with a complex disturbance of the form b(r-ro) exp (iζ (r-ro)). Thus the image signal for a pure phase object imaged in a STEM using a first moment detector is b2 ⊛ ▽ø. Note that this puts no restrictions on the magnitude of the variation of the phase function, but does assume an infinite detector.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document