Forced interpretation

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-88
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Frajzyngier ◽  
Marielle Butters
Keyword(s):  
Functional Domains ◽  
Grammatical Structure

The main aim of Chapter 3 is to describe forced interpretation as a motivation for the emergence of functions. A language may encode in its grammatical structure formal means to ensure that the listener infer the meaning desired by the speaker and only the meaning desired by the speaker. The importance of this motivation for the emergence of functions is that most likely it is present in many functional domains. The second aim of the Chapter is to demonstrate that as a result of the postulated motivation, an identical function can emerge independently in the grammatical systems of related and unrelated languages. Moreover, languages can independently come to use the same type of formal means to code identical functions. The Chapter demonstrates that several languages have encoded in their grammatical systems a ‘comment clause’ that forces the listener to interpret the clause with a preceding clause or with some situation. Unrelated languages, independently, came to use similar means to code the comment clause.

Age dependent de-differentiation across functional domains

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Roski ◽  
S Caspers ◽  
S Lux ◽  
S Eickhoff ◽  
K Zilles
Keyword(s):  
Functional Domains ◽  
Age Dependent

Author response for "Thrombomodulin functional domains support osteoblast differentiation and bone healing in diabetes in mice"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung‐Hwan Chen ◽  
Chao‐Han Lai ◽  
Yi‐Kai Hong ◽  
Jui‐Ming Lu ◽  
Sung‐Yen Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Healing ◽  
Osteoblast Differentiation ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Functional Domains ◽  
Diabetes In Mice

PRINCIPAL PROBLEMS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
O. Hyryn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Ambiguity ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The Way

The article deals with natural language processing, namely that of an English sentence. The article describes the problems, which might arise during the process and which are connected with graphic, semantic, and syntactic ambiguity. The article provides the description of how the problems had been solved before the automatic syntactic analysis was applied and the way, such analysis methods could be helpful in developing new analysis algorithms. The analysis focuses on the issues, blocking the basis for the natural language processing — parsing — the process of sentence analysis according to their structure, content and meaning, which aims to analyze the grammatical structure of the sentence, the division of sentences into constituent components and defining links between them.

Working on Grammatical Errors in Russian Senior School Lessons

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
E. S. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Final Exam ◽  
Senior Secondary School ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Senior Secondary ◽  
The Russian Language

The article establishes the need for special work to improve the grammatical structure of the speech of senior schoolchildren and the correction of grammatical errors in their assignments. Based on the analysis of the results of the State Final Exam of graduates, the errors identified in their essays and the works of leading methodologists, the author develops approaches to working on morphological and syntactic norms in the Russian language lessons in senior secondary school.

Structural Analysis of Katoba Ritual Text Speech in Muna Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
S. Sarmadan ◽  
Siti Gomo Attas
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Text Structure ◽  
Main Flow ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Global Meaning ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Ritual Text ◽  
Ritual Speech

The katoba ritual as a form of oral tradition from the Muna tribe is an integral part of the culture of the supporting community.  The purpose of this study is to describe the structure of the ritual text speech of the Muna communities.  The structure of the ritual speech utterances in this study is called the pogau toba text (PTT). This study uses a qualitative method with a Van Dijk structural approach that focuses on three frameworks of text structure, namely macro structure, superstructure, and microstructure. The results showed that 1) the macro structure, which is the overall meaning, global meaning, or general meaning of the PTT. The macro structure found in the PTT is the inauguration of a child as a Muslim. This is reflected in the pronunciation of the two words of the shahada of Asyhadu Allah ilaha Ilallah wa ashadu anna Muhammadar Rasulullah which marks a person's Islamic status; 2) superstructure, namely the four main flow structure of PTT in the context of the katoba ritual, namely opening “pembukaan”, toba conditions “syarat-syarat toba”, core of toba “inti toba”, and the closing “penutup”;  and 3) microstructure, which is limited to the style of the PTT language, namely diction or choice of words in the katoba ritual emphasizing religious and moral elements that are concrete through the use of polite and gentle language, found also a parallelism in grammatical structure, and expressions metaphorical expressions that take the symbols of flora and fauna or other natural objects are presented to convey an idea, concept, or specific purpose.

Molecular and genetic characterization of natural variants of HIV-1 Nef gene from North India and its functional implication in down-regulation of MHC-I and CD-4

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Singh ◽  
L. Ronsard ◽  
M. Pandey ◽  
R. Kapoor ◽  
V.G. Ramachandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Eukaryotic Expression ◽  
North India ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Functional Domains ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: HIV-1 Nef is an important accessory protein with multiple effector functions. Genetic studies of HIV-1 Nef gene shows extensive genetic diversity and the functional studies have been carried out mostly with Nef derived from regions dominated by subtype B (North America & Europe). Objective: This study was carried out to characterize genetic variations of the Nef gene from HIV-1 infected individuals from North-India and to find out their functional implications. Methods: The unique representative variants were sub-cloned in eukaryotic expression vector and further characterized with respect to their ability to down regulate cell surface expression of CD4 and MHC-1molecules. Results: The phylogenetic analysis of Nef variants revealed sequence similarity with either consensus subtype B or B/C recombinants. Boot scan analysis of some of our variants showed homology to B/C recombinant and some to wild type Nef B. Extensive variations were observed in most of the variants. The dN/dS ratio revealed 80% purifying selection and 20% diversifying selection implying the importance of mutations in Nef variants. Intracellular stability of Nef variants differed greatly when compared with wild type Nef B and C. There were some variants that possessed mutations in the functional domains of Nef and responsible for its differential CD4 and MHC-1 down regulation activity. Conclusion: We observed enhanced biological activities in some of the variants, perhaps arising out of amino acid substitutions in their functional domains. The CD4 and MHC-1 down-regulation activity of Nef is likely to confer immense survival advantage allowing the most rare genotype in a population to become the most abundant after a single selection event.

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