When Criminal Code Reform Does Not Lead to Atrocity Criminalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-173
Author(s):  
Mark S. Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Professional Networks ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
The Third ◽  
Strong Candidate ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
European Criminal Law ◽  
Code Reform

This chapter examines three negative cases—cases in which new criminal codes did not include atrocity offenses—to explore why the legal borrowing thesis does not hold in some otherwise favorable cases. The first two cases—Colombia in 1980 and Poland in 1969—shared with Guatemala much that made them prime candidates for the legal borrowing thesis. These included diffusion of atrocity criminalization among regional legal peers and strong ties between criminal code drafters and professional networks linked to the continental European criminal law tradition. This chapter shows that atrocity laws in Colombia and Poland’s draft codes were discarded at the last minute because they became politicized, though for different reasons. The third case—the Maldives in 2014—did not possess characteristics that made it favorable for the legal borrowing thesis. Nevertheless, it was a strong candidate for alternative explanations connecting criminal code reform to atrocity criminalization. This case is revealing, because it illustrates why these otherwise favorable conditions were insufficient for atrocity criminalization. The chapter shows that the drafters of the Maldivian code never considered including atrocity offenses, because their particular professional orientation and the sources they used for guidance did not favor them. Taken together, these three cases underscore the importance of professional-level mechanisms for understanding variation in the inclusion of international norms in new domestic institutions. They also illustrate conditions under which some of the mechanisms in the legal borrowing thesis may fail to obtain.

People-Trafficking: Some Reflections on the EU Legislation, and its Implementation in the UK

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 189-210
Author(s):  
John R Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Framework Decision ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Network ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Criminal Law ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This chapter examines the efforts in Europe and and the UK to deal with the problem of people-trafficking. As readers will see, it is in five Sections. The first sets the scene by explaining what ‘people-trafficking’ is, and outlining the history of international attempts to repress it and to relieve its human consequences. The second describes the recent legislative attempts to deal with it in Europe, and in particular, the EU Framework Decision of 2002. The third examines the UK legislation enacted with the aim—not entirely accurate, as we shall see—of implementing it. The fourth looks at the way the UK legislation is working. And the final section concludes with two general reflections. It is based on a study carried out in 2007 for ECLAN, the European Criminal Law Academic Network. Any reader who reaches the end with a thirst for further knowledge will find further refreshment in the book that resulted from the ECLAN study, which was published earlier this year.

Negligent Rape in Croatian Criminal Law: Was Legal Reform Necessary?

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-160
Author(s):  
Marin Mrčela ◽  
Igor Vuletić ◽  
Goran Livazović
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Sexual Offences ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rape Law ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the issue of negligent rape and liability for unreasonable belief in the victim`s consent in the context of Croatian criminal law. Modern rape law presents many challenges to both lawmakers and judges, with criminalizing negligence being only one of those challenges. This became more interesting in Croatia after amendments to the Criminal Code in 2011 (in effect since 2013), that criminalized unreasonable mistake of facts in the crime of rape. Croatian rape law has undergone significant changes related to these amendments. However, this paper focuses only on the aspect of unreasonable mistake of consent, this being both the most controversial and of great practical importance. The first section describes the elements of rape according to the Croatian Criminal Code along with an interpretation of those elements in the jurisprudence of the Croatian Supreme Court. Special attention is placed on the problem of mens rea and (un)reasonable belief in consent. The discussion also identifies the reasons for reform and the impact of the Sexual Offences Act of England and Wales (2003), which served as a model for Croatian legislators. The second section analyzes the results of research conducted by Croatian judges on the relevant status of the mistake of facts defense, as well as the importance of the victim`s resistance in terms of achieving a conviction, with special regard to the rate of rape convictions in Croatian law. The third section reviews comparative regional laws (Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro) with the goal of positioning the new Croatian rape law in a regional context. The last section discusses the necessity of criminalization of the negligent form of rape from the perspective of trends and standards created in Croatian theory and jurisprudence in the years prior to this amendment of the law.

Euthanasia

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (17) ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Julesz
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Active Euthanasia ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Dying Patient ◽  
System Today ◽  
Code Reform

The problem of euthanasia emerges again and again in today’s Europe. The Dutch type of regulation of euthanasia could be introduced into the Hungarian legal system. Today, in Hungary, the ethical guidelines of the chamber of medicine, the criminal law and the administrative health law also forbid active euthanasia. In Hungary, the criminal code reform of 2012 missed to liberalise the regulation of euthanasia. Such liberalisation awaits bottom-up support from the part of the society. In Europe, active euthanasia is legal only in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and Switzerland. In Hungary, a passive form of euthanasia is legal, i.e. a dying patient may, under strict procedural circumstances, refuse medical treatment. The patient is not allowed to refuse medical treatment, if she is pregnant and foreseeably capable to give birth to her child. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 671–674.

People-Trafficking: Some Reflections on the EU Legislation, and its Implementation in the UK

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 189-210
Author(s):  
John R Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Framework Decision ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Network ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Criminal Law ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis chapter examines the efforts in Europe and and the UK to deal with the problem of people-trafficking. As readers will see, it is in five Sections. The first sets the scene by explaining what ‘people-trafficking’ is, and outlining the history of international attempts to repress it and to relieve its human consequences. The second describes the recent legislative attempts to deal with it in Europe, and in particular, the EU Framework Decision of 2002. The third examines the UK legislation enacted with the aim—not entirely accurate, as we shall see—of implementing it. The fourth looks at the way the UK legislation is working. And the final section concludes with two general reflections. It is based on a study carried out in 2007 for ECLAN, the European Criminal Law Academic Network. Any reader who reaches the end with a thirst for further knowledge will find further refreshment in the book that resulted from the ECLAN study, which was published earlier this year.

scholarly journals PEMBAHARUAN SANKSI PIDANA BERDASARKAN FALSAFAH PANCASILA DALAM SISTEM HUKUM PIDANA DIINDONESIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Leonard ,
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Criminal Penalties

Abstract Since Indonesia’s Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal Law (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code) applied, criminal law reformed to continue till now, both the modernity of the criminal law material, formally criminal law, and criminal law enforcement. The third part of the criminal law is part of the criminal law integratted to criminal law reform which must be involved to all three parts so they can be implemented. To achieve the objective of sentencing, Bill Criminal Code of 2012 also formulated a modernity of criminal code. types consist of three types. First, the principal of the criminal consisting of imprisonment, criminal surveillance,criminal fines,and criminal social work. Second the criminal subject of a special nature, namely the death penalty. Third, the additional penalty which consists of the removal of certain rights, deprivation of certain goods and / or bill, the judge’s verdict, payment of compensation,and the fulfillment of obligations of local customs or obligations under the laws of living in society. A appropriate theory and the theory improvement prevention of criminal penalties is an approach based on instrumental perspective. The punishment had been seen as an instrument to achieve certain objectives that lies beyond the punishment itself, namely the improvement of the perpetrator or the people protection. The nature and modalities of punishment must be tailored to the objectives which would be achieved. Thus, the imposition of punishment has no meaning in itself, but deriving their value from something else, namely from those objectives. The implication is that if the penalty is only seen as a means, basically can be replaced by other means which may be more efficient Keywords: criminal code, concept, Pancasila Abstrak Sejak Undang-Undang nomor 1 tahun 1946 tentang Peraturan Hukum Pidana (selanjutnya disebut KUHP) berlaku, pembaharuan hukum pidana terus berlangsung hingga saat ini, baik pembaharuan terhadap hukum pidana material, hukum pidana formal, maupun hukum pelaksanaan pidana. Ketiga bagian hukum pidana tersebut merupakan bagian dari hukum pidana yang terintegral sehingga pembaharuan hukum pidana harus melibatkan ketiga bagian tersebut agar dapat dilaksanakan. Untuk mencapai tujuan pemidanaan, RUU KUHP Tahun 2012 juga merumuskan pembaharuan jenis pidana. Pembaharuan tersebut terdiri atas tiga jenis. Pertama, pidana pokok yang terdiri atas pidana penjara, pidana tutupan, pidana pengawasan, pidana denda, dan pidana kerja sosial. Kedua, pidana pokok yang bersifat khusus, yaitu pidana mati. Ketiga, pidana tambahan yang terdiri atas pencabutan hak tertentu, perampasan barang tertentu dan/atau tagihan, pengumuman putusan hakim, pembayaran ganti kerugian, dan pemenuhan kewajiban adat setempat atau kewajiban menurut hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Pendekatan teori perbaikan dan teori prevensi tentang hukuman pidana adalah pendekatan berdasarkan perspektif instrumentalistik. Hukuman dipandang sebagai instrumen untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu yang terletak di luar hukuman itu sendiri, yakni perbaikan pelaku atau perlindungan masyarakat. Sifat dan modalitas dari hukuman harus disesuaikan pada tujuan yang mau dicapai. Jadi, Penjatuhan hukuman tidak memiliki makna dalam dirinya sendiri, tetapi memperoleh nilainya dari sesuatu yang lain, yakni dari tujuan itu. Implikasinya adalah jika hukuman hanya dipandang sebagai sarana, pada dasarnya dapat diganti dengan sarana-sarana lain yang mungkin lebih efisien. Teori hukuman instrumentalistik mengimplikasikan penghapusan hukuman. Keyword: Hukum Pidana, Konsep, Pancasila

scholarly journals SELF DEFENSE IN THE NEW REGULATION. ELEMENTS OF COMPARED CRIMINAL LAW

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Magdalena Maria Barsan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Third ◽  
Self Defense

Article aims to bring in the most important aspects of self-defense. The paper refers to issues of comparative criminal law regarding self-defense. The second chapter of the new Romanian Criminal Code describes those justifiable causes, certain circumstances which eliminate the second essential trait of crime - the unjustified character. The New Criminal Code chose to divide the causes which eliminate criminal liability in justifiable causes, those causes which make a deed lose its illegal character and non punitive causes, which remove the third essential trait of crime – accountability.

scholarly journals Release on parole: Aspects of criminal law and procedure

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-243
Author(s):  
Svetlana Đuričić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century

Release on parole dates back to the middle of the 19th century and has roots in the progressive and Irish systems for executing punishment regarding persons deprived of liberty. Namely, the third phase in the execution of the sanction of imprisonment in the progressive system is called - release on parole, while it was the fourth phase in the Irish system. The Irish system for executing imprisonment was accepted in a large number of countries, including pre-war Yugoslavia. Modelled on this system, several prisons were created in Yugoslavia - in Zenica, Sremska Mitrovica, and Lepoglava. The purpose of release on parole is for the convicted person to behave properly while serving the imprisonment sentence, fulfil their work obligations, and not commit another criminal act for the duration of the sentence, all with the goal of re-socialization. Consequently, expanding the prohibition on the release on parole for certain criminal offences is contrary to the primary purpose of punishment as prescribed by art. 42, para. 1, point 1 of the Criminal Code; which is preventing the perpetrator from committing criminal acts and influencing them to not commit criminal acts in the future. Sentencing and executing sanctions must not be in retaliation for the acts committed, as it would be aligned with the theory of intimidation by punishment which has long since been abandoned; at present, the modern theory on the purpose of sanctions is widely represented, the theory of re-socialization, which has the individualization of the punishment of deprivation of liberty at the forefront, and that individualization is important to the re-education of the convicted person.

scholarly journals PEMBAHARUAN SANKSI PIDANA BERDASARKAN FALSAFAH PANCASILA DALAM SISTEM HUKUM PIDANA DIINDONESIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Third ◽  
Criminal Penalties

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Since </em><em>Indonesia’s Law</em><em> N</em><em>umber</em><em> 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal </em><em>Law</em><em> (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code) appli</em><em>ed</em><em>, criminal law reform</em><em>ed to</em><em> continue </em><em>till</em><em> </em><em>now</em><em>, both the </em><em>modernity</em><em> of the criminal law material, forma</em><em>lly</em><em> criminal law, and criminal law enforcement. The third part of the criminal law is part of the criminal law integra</em><em>tted</em><em> to criminal law reform </em><em>which </em><em>must</em><em> be</em><em> involve</em><em>d to</em><em> all three parts so they can be implemented. To achieve the objective of sentencing, Bill Criminal Code of 2012 also formulate</em><em>d</em><em> </em><em>a modernity of criminal code</em><em>. types consist of three types. First, the principal</em><em> of the</em><em> criminal consisting of imprisonment, criminal cover, criminal surveillance, criminal fines, and criminal social work. Second, the criminal subject of a special nature, namely the death penalty. Third, the additional penalty which consists of the removal of certain rights, deprivation of certain goods and / or bill, the judge's verdict, payment of compensation, and the fulfillment of obligations of local customs or obligations under the laws of living in society. </em><em>A appropriate</em><em> theory and the theory improvement prevention of criminal penalties is an approach based on instrumental perspective.</em><em> The p</em><em>unishment </em><em>had been</em><em> seen as an instrument to achieve certain objectives that lies beyond the punishment itself, namely the improvement of the perpetrator or the </em><em>people </em><em>protection. The nature and modalities of punishment must be tailored to the objectives </em><em>which </em><em>would be achieved. Thus, the imposition of punishment has no meaning in itself, but deriv</em><em>ing</em><em> their value from something else, namely from </em><em>those objectives</em><em>. The implication is that if the penalty is only seen as a means, basically can be replaced by other means which may be more efficient. </em><em></em><em></em></p><p><em> Keywords: criminal code, concept, Pancasila</em><em></em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Sejak Undang-Undang nomor 1 tahun 1946 tentang Peraturan Hukum Pidana (selanjutnya disebut KUHP) berlaku, pembaharuan hukum pidana terus berlangsung hingga saat ini, baik pembaharuan terhadap hukum pidana material, hukum pidana formal, maupun hukum pelaksanaan pidana. Ketiga bagian hukum pidana tersebut merupakan bagian dari hukum pidana yang terintegral sehingga pembaharuan hukum pidana harus melibatkan ketiga bagian tersebut agar dapat dilaksanakan. Untuk mencapai tujuan pemidanaan, RUU KUHP Tahun 2012 juga merumuskan pembaharuan jenis pidana.  Pembaharuan tersebut terdiri atas tiga jenis. Pertama, pidana pokok yang terdiri atas pidana penjara, pidana tutupan, pidana pengawasan, pidana denda, dan pidana kerja sosial. Kedua, pidana pokok yang bersifat khusus, yaitu pidana mati. Ketiga, pidana tambahan yang terdiri atas pencabutan hak tertentu, perampasan barang tertentu dan/atau tagihan, pengumuman putusan hakim, pembayaran ganti kerugian, dan pemenuhan kewajiban adat setempat atau kewajiban menurut hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Pendekatan teori perbaikan dan teori prevensi tentang hukuman pidana adalah pendekatan berdasarkan perspektif instrumentalistik. Hukuman dipandang sebagai instrumen untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu yang terletak di luar hukuman itu sendiri, yakni perbaikan pelaku atau perlindungan masyarakat. Sifat dan modalitas dari hukuman harus disesuaikan pada tujuan yang mau dicapai. Jadi, Penjatuhan hukuman tidak memiliki makna dalam dirinya sendiri, tetapi memperoleh nilainya dari sesuatu yang lain, yakni dari tujuan itu. Implikasinya adalah jika hukuman hanya dipandang sebagai sarana, pada dasarnya dapat diganti dengan sarana-sarana lain yang mungkin lebih efisien. Teori hukuman instrumentalistik mengimplikasikan penghapusan hukuman.</p><p>Keyword: Hukum Pidana, Konsep,  Pancasila</p>

scholarly journals Emotionalization of criminal law in the process of adopting and amending criminal legislation

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (89) ◽  
pp. 161-180
Author(s):  
Ivana Marković ◽  
Miloš Zdravković
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Negative Feelings

The authors of this paper examine the phenomenon of emotionalization of criminal law, which emanates in three stages: in the legislative process, within the content of respective legal provisions, and in criminal procedure. The third stage is well-identified as such and, here, procedural principles aim to guarantee impartiality of the judge. Regarding the content, discussions about negative feelings were part of the dogmatical upgrading of hate as an obligatory aggravating circumstance envisaged in prior amendments to the Serbian Criminal Code. On the other hand, the emotionalization of legislative procedure, perceived as the process of adopting and amending criminal legislation in an emotionalized context, has largely remained in the background. After elaborating on the relevance and topicality of this issue, the authors connect it with the basic goals of law and legitimacy of state power, provide various definitions and explain the notion of emotions by referring to examples from comparative law. Thereupon, the concept of emotionalization of law is analyzed with reference to the legal provisions from the latest amendments to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia (2019).

Bedford and the Structure of Section 7

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Supreme Court Of Canada ◽  
Proportional Limit ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

In Canada (A.G.) v. Bedford, the Supreme Court of Canada invalidated three prostitution-related provisions of the Criminal Code on grounds of overbreadth and gross disproportionality. The implications of Bedford go well beyond the particular context of sex work and even of criminal law. First, the Court held that the three constitutional norms against overbreadth, arbitrariness, and gross disproportionality are distinct from each other rather than aspects of a single norm against overbreadth. Second, the Court held that a Charter applicant could establish a violation of section 7 by showing that a law is overbroad, arbitrary, or grossly disproportionate in its impact on the life, liberty, or security of only one person and that the effectiveness of the law in achieving its policy objectives was not relevant to these norms. There are some difficulties in understanding this highly individualistic approach to section 7, and those difficulties lead to the third implication. By deferring any consideration of the effectiveness of the law to the question of whether it is a proportional limit on a section 7 right, the Court may be indicating a willingness to do something it has never done before: recognize an infringement of a section 7 right as a justified limit under section 1. The Court’s clarification of the relationship between the norms against overbreadth, arbitrariness, and gross disproportionality is welcome, but its individualistic articulation of those norms is difficult to understand and its suggestion that section 7 violations may now be easier to save under section 1 is troubling.

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