New Perspectives on Urban Economic Planning

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-98
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Near East ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
The City

This chapter examines how the greater involvement of caliphs and governors in early Islam in the patronage of urban retailing and crafts contributed to a redefinition of the topography of late antique and early medieval settlements from the Near East to Central Asia. The model of clustering productive and trading activities, which can be seen in its infancy in the Roman world in Pompeii, was expanded and became the norm from 700. This model evolved from simple communal working areas integrated in the urban fabric before 750 in the Levant to solely economic rabaḍ relocated outside the city walls in the ninth and tenth centuries in Iraq, Soghdia, and Ferghana. This chapter argues that this clustering of economic activities was favoured by a change in the location of the civic power under the ‘Abbāsids.

Reshaping Marketplaces

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-174
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
Early Islamic

Early Islamic marketplaces have been studied almost exclusively for their art historical and architectural values, by Maxime Rodinson in the preface of El señor del zoco en España, while their functioning and process of development have not yet been fully elucidated. It is also believed that marketplaces in early Islam functioned as their late antique predecessors, with apparently nothing bequeathed from pre-Islamic Arabia, where dedicated spaces for trade were extremely rare. This chapter considers what happened to urban marketplaces in the Near East after the Muslim conquests, to look at the fate of the late antique legacy under the new Arab masters—a people with contrasting indigenous commercial traditions—in the context of new power dynamics from 700 to 950. It explores the ways in which early medieval marketplaces differed from the late antique past, and the role they played in the agrarian society of early Islam.

Artisans to Producers

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-148
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Near East ◽  
Physical Change ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Islam

This chapter considers the physical change of the workspace chronologically, geographically, and by industry. From the case studies of pottery, glass, and textile making, as well as food processing, it discusses the standardization of the Roman practice, as seen at Timgad in North Africa, of zoning and conglomerating crafts in early Islam across the Near East and Central Asia. While acknowledging this continuity with the past, it examines the novelty and significance of manufacturing after 800, when ‘post-Roman’ ceased to be a meaningful description of Near Eastern economy, and questions whether urban crafts experienced differentiated or similar forms of development.

scholarly journals STREET DESIGN AND WOMEN’S SAFETY PERCEPTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaila Abdul Rashid ◽  
Mohammad Hussaini Wahab ◽  
Wan Nurul Mardiah Wan Mohd Rani
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Design ◽  
Safety Perception ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
The City ◽  
Population Rate

Urbanization is a process that creates many opportunities as well as threats. It is a process that will keep on continuing as population rate, migration, economic and social pattern are changing. Along with urbanization, demand for sustainable development and public space is crucial. Streets are important public space in a city. It is a network for many kind of activities. Design of streets affects the way people use it as well as their perception on safety. As a public space, safety is an important factor to consider. A safe public space will create a liveable environment. Feeling safe is important for human being due to the fact the built environment does affect our perception. Gender plays a role in safety perception where women perceive their environment differently. This study focuses on the importance of street as public space in contributing towards safety perception. In order to evaluate the phenomenon, a mixed method approach was adopted. Four streets in the city centre which are important public space with trading activities, connected to educational institution, offices and other economic activities were chosen. 120 questionnaire were distributed and direct observation were conducted in order to evaluate the phenomenon. Findings revealed that physical elements in the street do affect safety perception.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Eberhard W. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Sasanian Empire ◽  
Roman World

The Sasanian Empire (third-seventh centuries) was one of the largest empires of antiquity, stretching from Mesopotamia to modern Pakistan and from Central Asia to the Arabian Peninsula. This mega-empire withstood powerful opponents in the steppe and expanded further in Late Antiquity, whilst the Roman world shrunk in size. Recent research has revealed the reasons for this success, notably population growth in some territories, economic prosperity and urban development, made possible through investment in agriculture and military infrastructure on a scale unparalleled in the late antique world. This volume explores the empire’s relations with its neighbours and key phenomena which contributed to its wealth and power, from the empire’s armed forces to agriculture, trade and treatment of minorities. The latest discoveries, notably major urban foundations, fortifications and irrigations systems, feature prominently. An empire whose military might and urban culture rivalled Rome and foreshadowed the caliphate will be of interest to scholars of the Roman and Islamic world.

scholarly journals La representación de las actividades económicas urbanas en las plataformas digitales = The Representation of Urban Economic Activities through Digital Platforms

2019 ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Iñigo Lorente Riverola
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Digital Representation ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
The City ◽  
Datos Abiertos

ResumenLa popularización del ‘smartphone’ como dispositivo capaz de producir y tener acceso a información geolocalizada en el entorno físico del usuario, ha popularizado las plataformas de recomendación de lugares de interés. Nutriéndose de información proporcionada por sus usuarios, las actividades económicas en el espacio físico pueden o no contar con una representación digital accesible desde las plataformas —constituyendo la base de sus modelos de negocio. Dado que esta información es generada por los usuarios de la plataforma, puede suceder que algunas ubicaciones no queden representadas, o algunas actividades prevalezcan sobre otras. Considerando fiables las fuentes oficiales de datos abiertos, y por tanto aprovechables para verificar los datos colaborativos de las plataformas digitales, se ha elaborado una comparativa de éstas en el ámbito geográfico de Madrid, con el fin de evaluar los posibles decalajes entre la ciudad construida, y su representación digital —identificando los ámbitos urbanos sobrerrepresentados digitalmente, y aquellos en contraste segregados.AbstractThe popularization of the ‘smartphone’ as a user and producer of geolocated information has leveraged the consolidation of place-recommendation digital platforms. Based on user-generated data, the economic activities in the physical realm may have a digital representation through the platforms or not —constituting the backbone of their business models. Given that platforms rely on volunteered geographic information, some locations could be unrepresented, and some categories of activities might prevail. Considering institutional Open Data a reliable source to verify the collaborative data in the platforms, this work provides a comparison of both sources in the City of Madrid (Spain) to evaluate the potential disparities between the physical city and its digital representation —identifying those ‘digitally overrepresented’ or digitally segregated areas.

scholarly journals GLASS IN LATE ANTIQUITY IN THE NEAR EAST

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-248
Author(s):  
Margaret O’Hea
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Near East ◽  
Effective Medium ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Glass Technology ◽  
Roman World

This paper seeks to explore some of the possible connections between three late antique strands of glass technology and application in the Near East: windows, lighting, and finally, recycling. Glass has long been acknowledged to have influenced two major innovations in the use of internal space within the Roman world: firstly, during the Principate, when window-panes were first applied to bath-houses to maintain humidity and temperatures, whilst casting light into dark interiors, and secondly, in the 4th c. A.D., when oil-lights made of glass were finally adopted as an effective medium for ceiling-lighting.

“In Imitation of Hadrian:” memory and urban construction in the Late Antique Near East

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
The City

Abstract An inscription from Scythopolis (Beth Shean/Beisan) commemorates the actions of a late fourth-century governor who “in imitation of Hadrian ... rebuilt his own mother city.” This paper explores the memory of Hadrian in the Near East. It begins by examining Hadrian’s actions in the Near East, including the period prior to becoming emperor and his visit in 129/30 CE. It finishes with a discussion of Silvanus and Scythopolis and argues that Silvanus was responsible for repairing the odeum in the city which was damaged in the 363 CE earthquake. The inscription implies that there was strong memory of Hadrian as a builder in the late antique Near East.

scholarly journals La representación de las actividades económicas urbanas en las plataformas digitales = The Representation of Urban Economic Activities through Digital Platforms

2019 ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Iñigo Lorente Riverola
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Digital Representation ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
The City ◽  
Datos Abiertos

ResumenLa popularización del ‘smartphone’ como dispositivo capaz de producir y tener acceso a información geolocalizada en el entorno físico del usuario, ha popularizado las plataformas de recomendación de lugares de interés. Nutriéndose de información proporcionada por sus usuarios, las actividades económicas en el espacio físico pueden o no contar con una representación digital accesible desde las plataformas —constituyendo la base de sus modelos de negocio. Dado que esta información es generada por los usuarios de la plataforma, puede suceder que algunas ubicaciones no queden representadas, o algunas actividades prevalezcan sobre otras. Considerando fiables las fuentes oficiales de datos abiertos, y por tanto aprovechables para verificar los datos colaborativos de las plataformas digitales, se ha elaborado una comparativa de éstas en el ámbito geográfico de Madrid, con el fin de evaluar los posibles decalajes entre la ciudad construida, y su representación digital —identificando los ámbitos urbanos sobrerrepresentados digitalmente, y aquellos en contraste segregados.AbstractThe popularization of the ‘smartphone’ as a user and producer of geolocated information has leveraged the consolidation of place-recommendation digital platforms. Based on user-generated data, the economic activities in the physical realm may have a digital representation through the platforms or not —constituting the backbone of their business models. Given that platforms rely on volunteered geographic information, some locations could be unrepresented, and some categories of activities might prevail. Considering institutional Open Data a reliable source to verify the collaborative data in the platforms, this work provides a comparison of both sources in the City of Madrid (Spain) to evaluate the potential disparities between the physical city and its digital representation —identifying those ‘digitally overrepresented’ or digitally segregated areas.

scholarly journals STREET DESIGN AND WOMEN’S SAFETY PERCEPTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaila Abdul Rashid ◽  
Mohammad Hussaini Wahab ◽  
Wan Nurul Mardiah Wan Mohd Rani
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Design ◽  
Safety Perception ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
The City ◽  
Population Rate

Urbanization is a process that creates many opportunities as well as threats. It is a process that will keep on continuing as population rate, migration, economic and social pattern are changing. Along with urbanization, demand for sustainable development and public space is crucial. Streets are important public space in a city. It is a network for many kind of activities. Design of streets affects the way people use it as well as their perception on safety. As a public space, safety is an important factor to consider. A safe public space will create a liveable environment. Feeling safe is important for human being due to the fact the built environment does affect our perception. Gender plays a role in safety perception where women perceive their environment differently. This study focuses on the importance of street as public space in contributing towards safety perception. In order to evaluate the phenomenon, a mixed method approach was adopted. Four streets in the city centre which are important public space with trading activities, connected to educational institution, offices and other economic activities were chosen. 120 questionnaire were distributed and direct observation were conducted in order to evaluate the phenomenon. Findings revealed that physical elements in the street do affect safety perception.

Grigor'ev in Orenburg, 1851-1862: Russian Orientalism in the Service of Empire?

Slavic Review ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Knight
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Near East ◽  
The State ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Assistant Editor ◽  
State Bureaucracy ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The City

In December 1851, Vasilii Vasil'evich Grigor'ev, one of Russia's foremost specialists on the history and languages of Central Asia and the Near East, set off from St. Petersburg to build a new career as an administrator in the turbulent borderlands around the city of Orenburg. Grigor'ev's reasons for leaving Petersburg were both professional and personal. Unable to find an acceptable position in either the educational system or the state bureaucracy, Grigor'ev, formerly a professor at the Richelieu Lycee in Odessa, had subsisted for several years as assistant editor of the journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and by 1851, with little prospect for advancement, he was willing to look further afield for employment. Grigor'ev's biographer also alludes to personal problems—a painful conflict with a close friend that made his presence in St. Petersburg unpleasant if not unbearable.

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