Magnification and evolution biases in large-scale structure surveys

Measurements of galaxy clustering in upcoming surveys such as those planned for the Euclid and Roman satellites, and the SKA Observatory, will be sensitive to distortions from lensing magnification and Doppler effects, beyond the standard redshift-space distortions. The amplitude of these contributions depends sensitively on magnification bias and evolution bias in the galaxy number density. Magnification bias quantifies the change in the observed number of galaxies gained or lost by lensing magnification, while evolution bias quantifies the physical change in the galaxy number density relative to the conserved case. These biases are given by derivatives of the number density, and consequently are very sensitive to the form of the luminosity function. We give a careful derivation of the magnification and evolution biases, clarifying a number of results in the literature. We then examine the biases for a variety of surveys, encompassing galaxy surveys and line intensity mapping at radio and optical/near-infrared wavelengths.

Thermochemistry

Thermochemistry explores the basic principles of energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry is described as a tool to measure the quantity of heat involved in a chemical or physical change. Quantitative overviews of enthalpy and the stoichiometry of thermochemical equations are provided, including the concepts of endothermic and exothermic reactions. Standard conditions are defined to allow comparison of enthalpies of reactions and determine how the enthalpy change for any reaction can be obtained. Hess"s Law, which allows the enthalpy change of any reaction to be calculated, is discussed with illustrative examples. A presentation of bond energies and bond dissociation enthalpies is offered along with the use of bond enthalpy to estimate heats of reactions.

Attitudes Toward Aging And Happiness In Chinese Old Adults：A Mediating Effect of Spirituality

Background: Attitudes toward aging in old adults are critical for their adjustment, health-promoting behavior, quality of life and life satisfaction. However, fairly little is known about the inner mechanism between attitudes toward aging and happiness in Chinse old adults. This study examined the relationship between attitudes toward aging and happiness in old adults by introducing the mediator of spirituality in a Chinese context. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study among persons aged 50 to 100 years old was carried out in 16 selected cities of 9 provinces (municipality) in Western,Central,and Eastern China. Trained research assistants collected data by face to face interview with the aid of online questionnaire. The Attitude to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ),Howden’ Spirituality Assessment (SA),and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) were used to measure participants’ attitudes toward aging,spirituality and happiness. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and AMOS 24.Results: The mean scores of AAQ and its three domains of psychosocial loss, physical change and psychological growth,spirituality and happiness were 81.85(+10.39), 26.46(+4.97), 28.34(+4.69), 27.01(+4.02),101.06 (+12.88),and 31.72 (+9.87), respectively. Three domains, spirituality and happiness were positively correlated with each other. The spirituality acted as a full mediator on the positive relationship between the two domains of physical change and psychological growth and happiness.Conclusions: First, Chinese old adults’ attitudes toward aging was positive and positively related to spirituality and happiness; second, Chinese old adults’ spirituality was high and positively related to happiness; third, Chinese old adults’ happiness was fair and the significantly positive association between old adults’ attitude toward aging (i.e. physical change and psychological growth) and happiness was entirely due to the growth of spirituality.

PENGARUH JENIS KEMASAN TERHADAP MASA SIMPAN BAWANG DAUN

ABSTRACTThe Spring onion (Allium fistulosum L) is one of the vegetables that deserve intensive development, since it has high economic value and in Indonesia it is used as both a mainstay and a highly popular mix of food. The notable physical change of the leaf during the storage process is the change in leaf color, elegance, decay, and stupobility. Product destruction affects a degree of freshness during distribution because it cannot last long, so proper postposte treatment is required to reduce the rate of respiration of the spring onion after the harvest and other factors that can cause decline in quality. This study is aimed at figuring out the effect that packaging has on storing leeks and knowing the correct packaging for storing leeks. The method used was the heavy shrink measurement, the color and texture of the leaf. The experimental used was a Random design complete (RAL) design with 4 such treatments as unpacked treatment, kraft paper packaging, kitchen tissues and plastic wrap each 3 times the test. The spring onion is heavy with an average of 32.50% non-packaged treatment, paper kraft 45.61%, kitchen tissue 37.54% and plastic wrap 48.38%. A relatively small or slow change in color and texture change is the packing treatment used as a plastic wrap. Based on research conducted, it could be concluded that packaging has had a tangible effect on the storing of Spring onion. Wrap a plastic wrap that can extend the leeks' saving period, since Spring onion packed in plastic wrap shrinkage are relatively small, the color of the leaf and the texture of the bar do not easily wither and decay.Keywords: Spring onion, Packaging, Storage Period

The physical change of broiler meat given shrimp peptide extract (SPE) in drinking water during room temperature storage (post mortem)

This study aims to determine the physical change of properties of broiler meat during storage at room temperature, This study used Schrimp Peptide Extract (SPE) in drinking water given to broiler who were 1 week old for 7 days in the morning. The research design used a completely randomized design with 4 SPE level treatments, T0 (0%), T1 (1%), T2 (2%), T3 (3%) in drinking water (v/v). Each treatment was repeated 5 times and each replication consisted of 12 animals randomly. The results showed that the treatment dose of Schrimp Peptide Extract (SPE) was significantly different (P <0.05) on the water binding capacity, cooking loss, and tenderness, and not significantly different from the pH of the broiler breast meat.

Under the surface: what we know about the threats to subterranean fishes in Brazil

The present work brings information on threats to the subterranean fishes in Brazil. Currently, at least 36 species are known, 22 of which are already formally described. Endemism is the rule for most of them. Regarding their conservation, these fishes are in general considered threatened: and most of the already formally described species are included in national lists of threatened fauna, and only four of them are included in the global list of the IUCN. Regarding habitats, Brazilian subterranean fishes occur in alluvial sediments (part of the hyporheic zone), shallow base-level streams, flooded caves, lakes in the water table, upper vadose tributaries, and epikarst aquifers. We detected 11 main threats, mainly related to agriculture, pasture, and hydroelectric plans, but unmanaged tourism and pollution are also significant threats. Two threats affect a high number of species (physical change of the habitat and food restriction). The river basins with the higher number of identified threats are the upper Tocantins (eight) followed by the upper Paraguaçu (six). Effective proposals to protect this neglected component of the Brazilian biodiversity are still scarce, such as monitoring projects and their function in the subterranean communities, besides education projects aiming to develop public awareness.

The properties of nano-CaCO3/nano-ZnO/SBR composite-modified asphalt

To solve the problem of the pavement being aged due to the influence of temperature, light and other environmental factors are brought in service. Nano-CaCO3 surface was activated by 6% KH-550, and nano-ZnO surface was activated by 6% aluminate. Nano-CaCO3/nano-ZnO/SBR composite-modified asphalt was prepared. The optimum proportion of composite-modified asphalt was determined by orthogonal test. The influence of modifiers on asphalt pavement performance was comprehensively studied. The microstructure of composite-modified asphalt was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The mechanism of composite-modified asphalt was analyzed. The results show that the optimum combination of composite-modified asphalt is 4% nano-CaCO3 + 5% nano-ZnO + 4% SBR, the aging performance of the composite-modified asphalt is reduced by 6.9%, and the viscosity is increased by 14.6–23.1%. The complex shear modulus is increased by 24.1% at 82°C, the stiffness modulus is decreased, on average, by 21.1%. and the creep curve slope is increased by 9% on average. In the meantime, during the preparation process of composite-modified asphalt, it mainly occurred due to chemical reaction with surface-modified nanomaterials and physical change with SBR polymer materials.