Lucien Paye’s commune Reform

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-118
Author(s):  
Neil Macmaster
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Demographic Growth ◽  
Developmental Policy

After the Allied liberation of Algeria in late 1942, de Gaulle’s provisional government sought, as did Britain, to cling onto empire through a developmental policy. A 1943 reform commission focused in particular on the problem of a peasant ‘Malthusian’ crisis in which demographic growth outran basic food supplies, an agenda that became even more pressing after the 1945 famine and bloody revolt in the Sétif region. A young technocrat, Lucien Paye, appointed Director of Reform, formed plans to tackle the peasant problem through a programme, the Plan d’action communale (PACs), of economic modernization, closely tied to a communal reform. A case study of the PACs in the Chelif shows how the initiative was hamstrung by lack of investment, but conservative politicians brought the programme to an abrupt halt in February 1948, and unleashed a phase of mass electoral fraud. This gave a further lease of life to the moribund caid-CM system, and strengthened the nationalist currents that favoured preparation of an armed revolt.

Signaling Democratic Progress through Electoral System Reform in Post-Communist States

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110438
Author(s):  
William O’Brochta ◽  
Patrick Cunha Silva
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
International Community ◽  
Study Data ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Democratic Reform ◽  
Community Benefits ◽  
To Receive

The international community invests heavily in democracy promotion, but these efforts sometimes embolden leaders not interested in true democratic reform. We develop and test a formal model explaining why this occurs in the context of electoral system reform—one of the most important signals of democratic quality. Our formal model characterizes leaders as either truly reform minded or pseudo-reformers, those who increase electoral system proportionality in order to receive international community benefits while engaging in electoral fraud. We hypothesize that the international community will be more (less) likely to detect fraud when leaders decrease (increase) proportionality, regardless of whether there is evidence of numerical fraud. Using a mixed-methods approach with cross-national and case study data from post-Communist states, we find that the international community is generally less likely to detect fraud following an increase in proportionality and vice versa. We suggest that democracy promoters over-reward perceived democratic progress such that pseudo-reformers often benefit.

scholarly journals When a Patio Becomes a City

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Palacios Labrador ◽  
Beatriz Alonso Romero
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
Demographic Growth ◽  
Over Time

In the 1950s, the city of Casablanca underwent a surge in demographic growth. Having become a strategic port during the French protectorate, it quickly had to accommodate more than 140,000 new arrivals from the countryside. The most extensive urban development project in the city was Carrières Centrales, introduced as a case study in the CIAM IX by the GAMMA team. Michel Écochard, Candilis and Woods reinterpreted the traditional Moroccan house in a compact horizontal fabric as well as in singular buildings. This became the typology not only for a house, but for the whole city. A revisit to Carrières Centrales 65 years after its construction provides an understanding of the metamorphosis that the urban fabric has undergone over time. The critical analysis in this research aims to uncover the main architectural and social parameters that have influenced its transformation. To achieve this goal, fieldwork was carried out during a research trip in October 2018. The work involved contacting local professors, accessing the archives of the University of Casablanca, interviewing the residents, and redrawing and graphing all the architectural elements that had changed since their construction. The urban fabric of Carrières Centrales was found to have evolved in a way that supports the following hypothesis: if an urban model imported into a developing country does not adapt to the changes in the life of its residents, it is considered a failure.

scholarly journals The Formation of Organizational and Legal Regulation of Credit Cooperation in the Russian Empire of the Late 19th — Early 20th Century (A Case Study of the Vladimirskaya Province)

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Yu. O. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cooperative Movement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Social Structuring ◽  
Economic Modernization

The article deals with the peculiarities of formation and development of credit cooperation in the Russian Empire at the end of 19th — early 20th centuries. For a long time credit cooperation had been turning into a very developed system. The cooperative movement had gradually embraced vast masses of the population and contributed not only to their engagement into goods/money relationships but it also became the means of economic modernization, social structuring and formation of the civil society.

Chang Yu-nan and the Chaochow Railway (1904–1908): A Case Study of Overseas Chinese Involvement in China's Modern Enterprise

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen Ching-Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
Chinese Nationalism ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Modern Enterprise ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
Prime Target

With the climax of imperialism in China at the end of the nineteenth century, Chinese nationalism in its modern form grew rapidly and became ever more assertive. As the imperialists concentrated on economic gains, the frustrated nationalists gave increasing attention to economic defences. The prime target of the imperialists was the control of mining and railway construction in different areas; so ‘to resist the imperialists’ became the catchword of the day, and the movement for recovering mining and railway construction rights highlighted the development of Chinese economic nationalism. While revolutionaries and the fugitive reformers abroad worked out their political programmes for the salvation of China, the conservative Manchu government and scholar-gentry tried to resist imperialism by promoting economic nationalism. To recover the mining and railway rights, to find the alternative capital for economic modernization and to play one power against another, became the strategic aims of economic nationalism.

scholarly journals Indicators of the Housing Stock in Zagreb from 1945 until the late 1960s

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91
Author(s):  
Lidija Bencetić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
World War ◽  
The City ◽  
Demographic Growth

This paper uses Zagreb as a case study for assessing the development of a socialist city and the housing issues that this development implied. After World War II, Zagreb experienced steep demographic growth owing to a large influx of rural population, and to a lesser extent as a result of natality increase. In 1946, the city had about 270 thousand inhabitants, and in 1969 about 570 thousand. Due to the accelerated industrial development, it needed new workforce, but lacked housing, and its infrastructure was not sufficiently developed to meet the needs of all its residents. Housing construction was based on both social and private initiatives, whereby socially funded projects were multi-storey buildings and the privately funded ones single-storey houses. Due to these private constructions, that is, houses with one storey only, Zagreb resembled a village rather than a city. In assessing the housing construction of Zagreb and its urban development in general after World War II, we are inclined to agree with Davor Stipetić’s statement that Zagreb arose as an architectural enterprise that lacked planning in its development.

Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Molina ◽  
Fabrice Edouard Lehoucq
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Nature Frequency ◽  
The Republic ◽  
American Case

Legal petitions to nullify electoral results comprise a rich source for studying electoral fraud. During a fifty-year period in Costa Rica, parties submitted 120 petitions to Congress, containing more than 1,200 charges of fraud. The petitions reveal that between 1901 and 1938, more than half of such accusations took place in the country's peripheral provinces, where roughly 20 percent of voters lived. They also show that institutional changes helped to shape the nature, frequency, and magnitude of fraud. By the 1940s, the polarization of political competition was accompanied by a geographical redistribution of fraud to the central provinces of the republic, where most of the electorate resided.

An Introduction to Special Issue

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Teorell ◽  
Daniel Ziblatt ◽  
Fabrice Lehoucq
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Secret Ballot ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Economic Modernization

This article introduces a collection of papers that explore two understudied but critical questions of enduring concern for the study of democratization. Was the secret ballot driven by the same forces that drove the rise of democracy more generally? Did the secret ballot end electoral fraud, or was its effect merely endogenous to economic modernization more generally? This article provides historical context for the rise of the secret ballot, systematizing some of the complexities and ambiguities of the concept of the “secret ballot” itself. Second, we summarize the approach and some of the main findings of the papers in the volume, offering an outline of the broader lessons that emerge from the papers. Finally, we reflect upon the significance of a historical study of the secret ballot for technological and institutional reforms for contemporary democracy.

scholarly journals Explaining electoral fraud in an advanced democracy: Fraud vulnerabilities, opportunities and facilitating mechanisms in British elections

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Hill ◽  
Maria Sobolewska ◽  
Stuart Wilks-Heeg ◽  
Magda Borkowska
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Structural Vulnerability ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Developing Democracies ◽  
Advanced Democracies

Explanatory theories of electoral fraud are usually developed for new and failing democracies. However, while rarer, electoral fraud does happen in advanced democracies. Because data on fraud in advanced democracies are scarce, single instances of fraud are studied in isolation and offer very little generalisability. This study uses a unique comparative dataset of 35 in-depth, semi-structured interviews from eight locations, only half of which experienced allegations of fraud. We show that theories of why and how fraud happens in developing democracies can be extended to an advanced democracy. We also provide a detailed description of two micro-mechanisms, which facilitate fraud taking place and thus provide a causal link between the structural vulnerability to fraud and the direct opportunities for fraud to take place. The case study of Britain focuses mostly on the biraderi structures within the British South Asian communities, but we offer ways in which these structures generalise more broadly.

scholarly journals Evolución de la población de México, 1980-2005, conforme a la hipótesis de una tasa de crecimiento demográfico logística / Evolution of the Population of Mexico, 1980-2005, under the Hypothesis of a Logistic Demographic Growth Rate

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Manuel Ordorica
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Demographic Growth

En la investigación en demografía se ha desarrollado un gran número de funciones matemáticas con el fin de representar la evolución de la población, entre las que sobresalen la exponencial y la logística. Sin embargo ninguna de estas funciones se ajusta fielmente a la realidad debido a que las hipótesis que subyacen a tales representaciones matemáticas no describen la dinámica de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo es construir una función matemática que se aproxime a la descripción de la dinámica de la población total de México entre 1980 y 2005, al tiempo que reproduzca en forma adecuada la trayectoria de la tasa de crecimiento de la población observada en el periodo señalado. Asimismo se realiza un pronóstico de la población a partir de la función matemática encontrada. También se realiza la proyección de la población de un municipio con pocos habitantes, a fin de probar la fórmula en este estudio de caso y comparar sus resultados con los de otros métodos de pronóstico. AbstractIn demographic research, several mathematical functions have been developed to represent the evolution of the population, including the exponential and logistic function. None of these functions fits reality perfectly, however, since the hypotheses underlying these mathematical representations fail to describe population dynamics. The aim of this study is to construct a mathematical function that approaches the description of the dynamics of the total population of Mexico between 1980 and 2005, while accurately reproducing the path of the population growth rate observed during this period. It therefore carries out a forecast of the population on the basis of the mathematical function found. It also carried out a forecast of the population in a municipality with very few inhabitants, in order to test the formula in this case study and compare its results with those of other forecasting methods.

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