scholarly journals Indicators of the Housing Stock in Zagreb from 1945 until the late 1960s

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91
Author(s):  
Lidija Bencetić

This paper uses Zagreb as a case study for assessing the development of a socialist city and the housing issues that this development implied. After World War II, Zagreb experienced steep demographic growth owing to a large influx of rural population, and to a lesser extent as a result of natality increase. In 1946, the city had about 270 thousand inhabitants, and in 1969 about 570 thousand. Due to the accelerated industrial development, it needed new workforce, but lacked housing, and its infrastructure was not sufficiently developed to meet the needs of all its residents. Housing construction was based on both social and private initiatives, whereby socially funded projects were multi-storey buildings and the privately funded ones single-storey houses. Due to these private constructions, that is, houses with one storey only, Zagreb resembled a village rather than a city. In assessing the housing construction of Zagreb and its urban development in general after World War II, we are inclined to agree with Davor Stipetić’s statement that Zagreb arose as an architectural enterprise that lacked planning in its development.

2019 ◽  
pp. 009614421987785
Author(s):  
Christoph Strupp

The resilience of cities is usually tested by acute catastrophes such as physical destruction by natural disasters or wars or long-term processes of economic decline. This article discusses another type of catastrophe and the response of the political and economic elite of the city to it in the form of a case study on Germany’s biggest seaport city Hamburg in the aftermath of World War II. Although the air war of 1943-1945 had seriously damaged large parts of the port of Hamburg, the physical reconstruction began soon after the end of the war and made steady progress. This aspect of the disaster of war was to be overcome within a few years. But the war and its aftermath of political confrontation between East and West had changed the geopolitical position of Hamburg and moved it from the center of Europe to the periphery of the West. The hinterland of the port in Eastern Europe was cut off. The founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 with its focus on the Rhine-Ruhr area further seemed to marginalize Hamburg. These developments were quickly perceived as a greater disaster than the physical destruction. This article examines the strategies developed by the political and economic leaders in Hamburg in the late 1940s and 1950s for dealing with processes they had no control over and could not directly influence.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Palacios Labrador ◽  
Beatriz Alonso Romero

In the 1950s, the city of Casablanca underwent a surge in demographic growth. Having become a strategic port during the French protectorate, it quickly had to accommodate more than 140,000 new arrivals from the countryside. The most extensive urban development project in the city was Carrières Centrales, introduced as a case study in the CIAM IX by the GAMMA team. Michel Écochard, Candilis and Woods reinterpreted the traditional Moroccan house in a compact horizontal fabric as well as in singular buildings. This became the typology not only for a house, but for the whole city. A revisit to Carrières Centrales 65 years after its construction provides an understanding of the metamorphosis that the urban fabric has undergone over time. The critical analysis in this research aims to uncover the main architectural and social parameters that have influenced its transformation. To achieve this goal, fieldwork was carried out during a research trip in October 2018. The work involved contacting local professors, accessing the archives of the University of Casablanca, interviewing the residents, and redrawing and graphing all the architectural elements that had changed since their construction. The urban fabric of Carrières Centrales was found to have evolved in a way that supports the following hypothesis: if an urban model imported into a developing country does not adapt to the changes in the life of its residents, it is considered a failure.


Author(s):  
Мария Владимировна Нащокина

Бременская улица Бондарей (Бёттхерштрассе, нем. Böttcherstraße) - уникальный пример обновления средневековой улицы, превращенной в яркое архитектурно-художественное произведение 1920-1930-х гг., воплотившее буквально все приемы «средового» подхода к реконструкции городской застройки, который сформировался в 1970-е гг. Все здания улицы воспроизводят застройку средневекового ганзейского города и дополнены произведениями декоративно-прикладного искусства или скульптуры, несущими не только эстетическую, но и символическую нагрузку, обусловленную общим замыслом бременского торговца кофе Людвига Розелиуса, который предполагал создать в городе новую культурную достопримечательность. Над проектами и постройками по его заказу работали архитекторы А. Рунге и Э. Скотланд, создавшие стилизованные дома, органично вписанные в старый город, а также выдающийся скульптор и архитектор Бернгардт Хётгер (1874-1949). Его постройки в начале и в конце улицы, ключевые для замысла Розелиуса, - музей художницы П. Модерзон-Беккер и дом «Атлантис» - совершенно современные и оригинальные по символике и форме. Со стороны Рыночной площади начало улицы обозначал полный динамики позолоченный барельеф Хётгера «Тот, кто приносит свет». Большинство скульптур на улице и в прилегающих двориках также принадлежит ему. Все постройки выполнены в кирпиче, причем кирпичные поверхности стен построек Хётгера превращены в абстрактные рельефы, придающие им оригинальность и очевидную современность, близкую к эстетике немецкого экспрессионизма и ар-деко. В новых и перестроенных домах XVI в. расположились три музея, лавки, рестораны, галерея, казино и театр.Восстановление улицы после бомбардировок союзников во время Второй мировой войны закончилось в 1954 г. Фасады и интерьеры некоторых зданий (в том числе дома «Атлантис») были модернизированы. Сегодня улица Бондарей представляет собой поучительный пример модернизации исторической городской застройки. The Cooperstreet (Böttcherstraße) in Bremen is a unique example of updating the medieval streets to transform them into a vivid architectural work of art in the 1920-1930s, that anticipated literally all methods of “environ-mental” approach of the reconstruction of urban development, carried out in the 1970s. All the street buildings reproduce the buildings of the medieval Hanseatic city and are complemented by works of decorative and applied art or sculpture, carrying not only aesthetic but also a symbolic load, due to the General idea, owned by the Bremen coffee merchant Ludwig Roselius, who intended to create a new cultural attraction in the city. The architects A. Runge and E. Scotland worked on the projects and buildings on Roselius’order, creating stylized houses, organically inscribed in the old city. So did the outstanding sculptor and architect Bernhard Hoetger (1874-1949). His buildings at the beginning and at the end of the street (the key ones according to Roselius’ plan) - the Museum of the artist P. Moderzon-Becker and Atlantis house - are completely modern and original in symbolism and form. On the side of the Market square, the street was marked by a dynamic gilded bas-relief of Hoetger’s “The one who brings light”. Most of the sculptures on the street and in the surrounding courtyards also belong to him. All the buildings are made of brick, and the brick surfaces of the walls of Hoetger’s buildings are turned into abstract reliefs, giving them originality and obvious modernity, close to the aesthetics of German expressionism and Art Deco. There are three museums, shops, restaurants, a gallery, a casino and a theater located in the new and rebuilt houses of the 16th century. The revitalization of the street after the Alied bombing of Bremen during World War II was completed in 1954. The facades and interiors of some buildings (including Atlantis house) have been modernized. Today, the Cooperstreet (Böttcherstraße) is an instructive example of the modernization of historical urban development.


Urban History ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN TAGSOLD

ABSTRACT:The 1964 Tokyo Olympics acted as a rite of passage for post-war Japan, symbolizing the modernization of the city and the country. This was reflected by the space and architecture of the venues. Urban development of Olympic cities has been scrutinized recently but the symbolic implications have been touched upon only in passing, most especially in Tokyo's case. This article will show how symbolic layers of architecture and space aimed at linking history and modernity while bypassing the highly problematic legacy of ultra-nationalism and World War II. An important hub for transmitting this message was the Meiji Shrine dedicated to the first emperor of modern Japan. The hallmark building of the 1964 Games, Kenzo Tange's National Gymnasium, interacted with the shrine by way of an architectonic axis connecting them. This contrasted with the different spatial styles evident at the 1960 Olympics in Rome and 1972 Olympics in Munich, which testified to their different relationships to the national past. While developing infrastructure such as canalization and traffic was very important for Tokyo, symbolic revitalization of the city's fabric was equally crucial.


2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eskola ◽  
V. Peuraniemi

AbstractLake sediments were studied from four lakes in environmentally different areas in northern Finland. Lakes Pyykösjärvi and Kuivasjärvi are situated near roads with heavy traffic and the city of Oulu. Lakes Martinlampi and Umpilampi are small lakes in a forest area with no immediate human impact nearby. The concentration of Pb increases in the upper parts of the sedimentary columns of Lake Kuivasjärvi and Lake Pyykösjärvi. This is interpreted as being an anthropogenic effect related to heavy traffic in the area and use of Lake Pyykösjärvi as an airport during World War II. High Ni and Zn concentrations in the Lake Umpilampi sediments are caused by weathered black schists. Sediments in Lake Martinlampi show high Pb and Zn contents with increasing Pb concentrations up through the sedimentary column. The sources of these elements are probably Pb-Zn mineralization in the bedrock, Pb-Zn-rich boulders and anomalous Pb and Zn contents in till in the catchment area of the lake.


2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 487-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Khazai ◽  
Elizabeth Hausler

The earthquake of 26 December 2003 destroyed about 85% of the housing stock and left up to 75,600 people in the city of Bam homeless. With the convergence of migrants from nearby villages, it is estimated that 155,000 people were in need of shelter in Bam and surrounding villages. A municipal governmental Master Plan for the reconstruction of Bam was completed in September 2004. Permanent housing construction in the city of Bam began in October 2004, and is scheduled to take three to five years. In the interim, intermediate shelter construction in Bam and reconstruction of permanent shelter in the surrounding villages is ongoing and work is being done to integrate relief operations into long-term recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction programs. At the time of the reconnaissance trip in late May 2004, 16,200 intermediate shelters were assembled in Bam, either on the sites of original dwellings or on campgrounds on the outskirts of the city, and over 2,500 permanent shelters were constructed in the surrounding villages.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bień

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A cartographic map of Gdańsk in the years of 1918&amp;ndash;1939 was very different from the other maps of Polish cities. The reasons for some differences were, among others, the proximity of the sea, the multicultural mindset of the inhabitants of Gdańsk from that period, and some historical events in the interwar period (the founding of the Free City of Gdańsk and the events preceding World War II). Its uniqueness came from the fact that the city of Gdańsk combined the styles of Prussian and Polish housing, as well as form the fact that its inhabitants felt the need for autonomy from the Second Polish Republic. The city aspired to be politically, socially and economically independent.</p><p>The aim of my presentation is to analyze the cartographic maps of Gdańsk, including the changes that had been made in the years of 1918&amp;ndash;1939. I will also comment on the reasons of those changes, on their socio-historical effects on the city, the whole country and Europe.</p>


Author(s):  
Sarah Catalano
Keyword(s):  

Esta contribuição mostra que o período italiano de Lina Bo Bardi é um tema ainda suscetível de aprofundamento e que a pesquisa de arquivo e bibliográfica, a ser realizada principalmente na Itália, mas também no Instituto Lina Bo e P.M. Bardi, pode restituir materiais inéditos. Seguindo essa linha de pesquisa, a análise cuidadosa da revista Lo Stile restituiu dois projetos realizados pelo ateliê Bo-Pagani que remontam a 1942 e caídos no esquecimento, exemplos de “arquitetura efêmera” por eventos políticos na cidade de Milão.


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