Species Richness, Diversity, and Packing

2021 ◽  
pp. 384-429
Author(s):  
Peter A. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Similarity Indices ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Richness Estimators

Methods to measure species richness and α‎-, β‎-, and γ‎-diversity are reviewed. A useful classification is α‎-diversity, the diversity of species within a community or habitat, β‎-diversity, a measure of the rate and extent of change in species along a gradient from one habitat to others, and γ‎-diversity, the richness in species of a range of habitats in a geographical area. Species inventories are frequently required for conservation management. Because a complete census is rarely feasible, the community must be sampled, and methods are needed to estimate via sampling the total taxa number present. A wide range of species richness estimators are described and their applicability reviewed. Models for species abundance, including geometric, log-normal, and broken stick are presented. Rarefaction techniques to compare species richness in communities sampled with differing effort are described. Methods to compare α‎-diversity between samples are described. Techniques to study community structure are introduced, and measures of niche size and overlap are presented. Similarity, indices are reviewed, and R code to measure niche overlap is presented.

scholarly journals Similar patterns of patterns of community organization characterize distinct groups of different trophic levels in the plankton of the NW Mediterranean Sea

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raybaud ◽  
A. Tunin-Ley ◽  
M. E. Ritchie ◽  
J. R. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Species Abundance Distributions ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Nw Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Log Normal

Abstract. Planktonic populations were sampled over a 4 week period in the NW Mediterranean, at a site subject to little vertical advection during the Dynaproc 2 cruise in 2004. The characteristics of the phytoplankton, the tintinnid community and the zooplankton have recently been described in detail. Based on these studies, we compared the characteristics of 3 well-circumscribed assemblages of different trophic levels: Ceratium of the phytoplankton, herbivorous tintinnids of the microzooplankton, and large (>500 μm) omnivorous and carnivorous copepods of the metazoan zooplankton. In all three groups, diversity as H' or species richness, was less variable than concentration of organisms. Plotting time against species accumulation, the curves approached plateau values for Ceratium spp, tintinnids and large copepods but only a small number of species were consistently present (core species) and these accounted for most of the populations. For Ceratium core species numbered 10, for tintinnids 11 species, and for large copepods, core species numbered 4 during the day and 16 at night. Ceratium, tintinnids and large copepods showed some similar patterns of community structure in terms of species abundance distributions. Ceratium species were distributed in a log-normal pattern. Tintinnid species showed a log-series distribution. Large copepod assemblages were highly dominated with night samples showing much higher abundances and greater species richness than day samples. However, species abundance distributions were similar between day and night and were mostly log-normal. The paradox of the plankton, describing phytoplankton communities as super-saturated with species, extends to the microzooplankton and zooplankton.

scholarly journals Assemblages of drosophilids (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in mangrove forests: community ecology and species diversity

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermes J. Schmitz ◽  
Paulo R. P. Hofmann ◽  
Vera L. S. Valente
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Species Abundance Distribution ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Richness Estimators ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Brazilian fauna of drosophilids has been researched in various ecosystems, but those in mangrove forests remain overlooked in Brazil and elsewhere. The present study attempts to characterise the assemblages of drosophilids of this environment, based on 28 collections taken in three mangrove areas in Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil. The three mangroves surveyed were different in their surroundings, which varied from highly urbanised areas to conservation areas with natural vegetation. Overall, 69 species were collected, and no remarkable difference was detected in species composition and abundances or in the richness, evenness and heterogeneity between sites. The species abundance distribution observed fitted to a theoretical lognormal distribution in the three mangroves. The species richness scored and the performance of the species richness estimators showed an unexpectedly high diversity, considering the very low floristic diversity and the harsh conditions of the environment. Regarding species composition and abundances, the drosophilid mangrove assemblages were shown to be more similar to those found in open environments, with a marked dominance of exotic species. Finally, considering the apparent lack of feeding and breeding sites, we suggest that mangrove forests are acting as sink habitats for the drosophilids populations.

scholarly journals An Algebraic Derivation of Chao’s Estimator of the Number of Species in a Community Highlights the Condition Allowing Chao to Deliver Centered Estimates

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jean Béguinot
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Nonparametric Estimator ◽  
Species Abundance Distribution ◽  
Abundance Distribution ◽  
Limited Size ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Total Species

Anne Chao proposed a very popular, nonparametric estimator of the species richness of a community, on the basis of a limited size sampling of this community. This expression was originally derived on a statistical basis as a lower-bound estimate of the number of missing species in the sample and provides accordingly a minimal threshold for the estimation of the total species richness of the community. Hereafter, we propose an alternative, algebraic derivation of Chao’s estimator, demonstrating thereby that Chao’s formulation may also provide centered estimates (and not only a lower bound threshold), provided that the sampled communities satisfy a specific type of SAD (species abundance distribution). This particular SAD corresponds to the case when the number of unrecorded species in the sample tends to decrease exponentially with increasing sampling size. It turns out that the shape of this “ideal” SAD often conforms approximately to the usually recorded types in nature, such as “log-normal” or “broken-stick.”. Accordingly, this may explain why Chao’s formulation is generally recognized as a particularly satisfying nonparametric estimator.

Monogenean community structure on the gills of Pimelodus albicans from Río de la Plata (Argentina): a comparative approach

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. GUTIÉRREZ
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Rio De La Plata ◽  
Component Community ◽  
Río De La Plata ◽  
La Plata

The community structure of monogeneans on the gills of a catfish Pimelodus albicans, in the Río de la Plata, was studied and compared with previous findings on P. maculatus. Six Monogenea species belonging to 3 genera were found: Demidospermus majusculus Kritsky & Gutiérrez, 1998; Demidospermus armostus Kritsky & Gutiérrez, 1998; Demidospermus idolus Kritsky & Gutiérrez, 1998; Demidospermus bidiverticulatum (Suriano & Incorvaia, 1995) Kritsky & Gutiérrez, 1998; Scleroductus yuncensi Jara & Cone, 1989; and Unibarra paranoplatensis Suriano & Incorvaia, 1995. The relationships between selected host and helminth variables; the interactions between the worms and the patterns obtained from the species abundance were analysed employing appropriate statistical methodology. The results obtained revealed the following common patterns within the monogenean communities of P. maculatus and P. albicans: (a) most monogenean species belonged to the genus Demidospermus; (b) S. yuncensi was a secondary species in both communities; (c) 1 of the 3 species common to both hosts was a core species (D. bidiverticulatum); (d) the selected variables of both hosts (weight and length) were not related to the number of monogeneans or species richness; (e) the dominant species in both communities showed the highest proportion of monogeneans in more than 40 % of the infracommunities; (f ) in both communities the dominant species accounted for 40–80 % of the total number of monogeneans at component community level; (g) the number of worms correlates positively with the species richness; (h) few cases of interaction among species were found; (i) a high degree of order exists among the infracommunities compared. Finally, the proportion of common species and the phylogenetic and ecological resemblances between the hosts, P. maculatus and P. albicans support a hypothesis of co-speciation among monogeneans and pimelodids in Río de la Plata. It seems improbable that these parasite communities are recent species assemblages formed by chance. The phylogenetic resemblance of the host–monogeneans system in Río de la Plata suggests that there is a single community pattern that can be observed in congeneric and sympatric hosts.

scholarly journals Similar patterns of community organization characterize distinct groups of different trophic levels in the plankton of the NW Mediterranean Sea

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 4897-4917 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raybaud ◽  
A. Tunin-Ley ◽  
M. E. Ritchie ◽  
J. R. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Species Abundance Distributions ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Nw Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Log Normal

Abstract. Planktonic populations were sampled over a 4 week period in the NW Mediterranean, at a site subject to little vertical advection during the Dynaproc 2 cruise in 2004. The characteristics of the phytoplankton, the tintinnid community and the zooplankton have recently been described (Lasternas et al., 2008; Dolan et al., 2009; Raybaud et al., 2008). Based on these studies we compared the characteristics of 3 well-circumscribed groups of different trophic levels: Ceratium of the phytoplankton, herbivorous tintinnids of the microzooplankton, and large (>500 μm) omnivorous and carnivorous copepods of the metazoan zooplankton. In all three groups, diversity as H' or species richness, was less variable than concentration of organisms. Plotting time against species accumulation, the curves approached plateau values for Ceratium spp, tintinnids and large copepods but only a small number of species were consistently present (core species) and these accounted for most of the populations. For Ceratium core species numbered 10, for tintinnids 11 species, and for large copepods, core species numbered 4 during the day and 16 at night. Ceratium, tintinnids and large copepods showed some similar patterns of community structure in terms of species abundance distributions. Ceratium species were distributed in a log-normal pattern. Tintinnid species showed a log-series distribution. Large copepods communities were highly dominated with night samples showed much higher abundances and greater species richness than day samples. However, species abundance distributions were similar between day and night and were mostly log-normal. The paradox of the plankton, describing phytoplankton communities as super-saturated with species, extends to the microzooplankton and zooplankton.

Patterns in diversity and composition of the microbenthos of subarctic intertidal beaches with different morphodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
AI Azovsky ◽  
YA Mazei ◽  
MA Saburova ◽  
PV Sapozhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundance Ratio ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Sediment Properties ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Similar Mode ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Diversity and composition of benthic diatom algae and ciliates were studied at several beaches along the White and Barents seas: from highly exposed, reflective beaches with coarse-grained sands to sheltered, dissipative silty-sandy flats. For diatoms, the epipelic to epipsammic species abundance ratio was significantly correlated with the beach index and mean particle size, while neither α-diversity measures nor mean cell length were related to beach properties. In contrast, most of the characteristics of ciliate assemblages (diversity, total abundance and biomass, mean individual weight and percentage of karyorelictids) demonstrated a strong correlation to beach properties, remaining low at exposed beaches but increasing sharply in more sheltered conditions. β-diversity did not correlate with beach properties for either diatoms or ciliates. We suggest that wave action and sediment properties are the main drivers controlling the diversity and composition of the intertidal microbenthos. Diatoms and ciliates, however, demonstrated divergent response to these factors. Epipelic and epipsammic diatoms exhibited 2 different strategies to adapt to their environments and therefore were complementarily distributed along the environmental gradient and compensated for each other in diversity. Most ciliates demonstrated a similar mode of habitat selection but differed in their degree of tolerance. Euryporal (including mesoporal) species were relatively tolerant to wave action and therefore occurred under a wide range of beach conditions, though their abundance and diversity were highest in fine, relatively stable sediments on sheltered beaches, whereas the specific interstitial (i.e. genuine microporal) species were mostly restricted to only these habitats.

scholarly journals Complex community responses underpin biodiversity change following invasion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra R. Kortz ◽  
Anne E. Magurran
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractHow do invasive species change native biodiversity? One reason why this long-standing question remains challenging to answer could be because the main focus of the invasion literature has been on shifts in species richness (a measure of α-diversity). As the underlying components of community structure—intraspecific aggregation, interspecific density and the species abundance distribution (SAD)—are potentially impacted in different ways during invasion, trends in species richness provide only limited insight into the mechanisms leading to biodiversity change. In addition, these impacts can be manifested in distinct ways at different spatial scales. Here we take advantage of the new Measurement of Biodiversity (MoB) framework to reanalyse data collected in an invasion front in the Brazilian Cerrado biodiversity hotspot. We show that, by using the MoB multi-scale approach, we are able to link reductions in species richness in invaded sites to restructuring in the SAD. This restructuring takes the form of lower evenness in sites invaded by pines relative to sites without pines. Shifts in aggregation also occur. There is a clear signature of spatial scale in biodiversity change linked to the presence of an invasive species. These results demonstrate how the MoB approach can play an important role in helping invasion ecologists, field biologists and conservation managers move towards a more mechanistic approach to detecting and interpreting changes in ecological systems following invasion.

Catalogue of aquatic Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) of Montenegro, exclusive of Naidinae and Pristininae

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2985 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
DANIJELA ŠUNDIĆ ◽  
BRANKO M. RADUJKOVIĆ ◽  
JASMINA KRPO–ĆETKOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
First Record ◽  
Aquatic Oligochaeta ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Aquatic Oligochaete ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Richness Estimators

The aquatic oligochaete fauna of Montenegro was recently studied in order to improve the knowledge of this group in the Balkan region. This study was carried out on sediments collected from 70 sampling sites (the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea drainage basins) during three years (2005–2008). Forty-one species were identified, from seven following families: Naididae, Enchytraeidae, Haplotaxidae, Lumbriculidae, Lumbricidae, Criodrilidae and Branchiobdellidae (exclusive of Naidinae and Pristininae). Sixteen of them represent first record for the Montenegrin oligochaete fauna: Embolocephalus velutinus, Ilyodrilus templetoni, Psammoryctides deserticola, Spirosperma ferox, Tubifex ignotus, Bathydrilus adriaticus, Bothrioneurum vejdovskyanum, Rhyacodrilus coccineus, Cernosvitoviella atrata, Enchytraeus buchholzi, Mesenchytraeus armatus, Haplotaxis gordioides, Rhynchelmis limosella, Stylodrilus heringianus, Tatriella slovenica and Trichodrilus strandi. The list of species from the subfamilies Naidinae and Pristininae was published previously (Šundić et al. 2011), and it comprises 36 species. Altogether, the present study and literature data show that Montenegrin aquatic oligochaete fauna consists of 77 species. Concerning similarity, values of Jaccard’s index are the highest between Montenegrin and Serbian oligochaete fauna (57 %), and the lowest between Montenegrin and Albanian oligochaete fauna (27.77 %). Species richness estimators (Mao Tau, Uniques Mean, Chao 1, Chao 2, Jack 1, Jack 2, Bootstrap, ACE and ICE) indicate that findings of new oligochaete species in Montenegro are expected.

scholarly journals Interaction between typical sulfonamides and bacterial diversity in drinking water

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wu ◽  
Shuqun Li ◽  
Xiaofei Zhao ◽  
Xinhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

Abstract The abuse of antibiotics is becoming more serious as antibiotic use has increased. The sulfa antibiotics, sulfamerazine (SM1) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), are frequently detected in a wide range of environments. The interaction between SM1/SMZ and bacterial diversity in drinking water was investigated in this study. The results showed that after treatment with SM1 or SMZ at four different concentrations, the microbial community structure of the drinking water changed statistically significantly compared to the blank sample. At the genus level, the proportions of the different bacteria in drinking water may affect the degradation of the SM1/SMZ. The growth of bacteria in drinking water can be inhibited after the addition of SM1/SMZ, and bacterial community diversity in drinking water declined in this study. Furthermore, the resistance gene sul2 was induced by SM1 in the drinking water.

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