Words in Japanese

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-77
Author(s):  
Nerida Jarkey
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Whole Number

Although Japanese does not divide words orthographically, there is no doubt that the notion of ‘word’ is highly salient for native speakers of this language. Words are talked about, joked about, used as strategies for secrecy and exclusion. They are regarded as having enormous evocative power and euphonic beauty. While we can clearly distinguish phonological and grammatical criteria for Japanese words, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the grammatical word and the phonological word coincide. This is, however, not invariably the case. Japanese exhibits two possibilities for the non-coincidence of phonological and grammatical words: the first in which a grammatical word consists of a whole number of phonological words, and the second in which a phonological word consists of a whole number of grammatical words. Cases in which a single word can stand alone as a full utterance are quite common, and are limited to those in which the two word types coincide completely.

scholarly journals The use of collocations across proficiency levels: a literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34129
Author(s):  
Larissa Goulart
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Correct Word ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
L2 Learners

This literature review focuses on the use of formulaic language by English as a second language students (L2). Research on the field of phraseology has shown that mastery of formulas is central for fluency and linguistic competence (Ellis, 1996). Studies on the use of formulaic language by native speakers (Ellis et al., 2008) have shown that native speakers process these structures as a single word. Considering the use of formulaic language by L2 students, research has shown that this can be problematic to learners as they do not know the correct word association (Men, 2018). This paper presents a literature review on the studies of formulaic language, more specifically of collocations, used by L2 learners. The first part of this paper deals with the different definitions of collocations, while the second part focuses on studies on collocation use by L2 learners.

Crosslinguistic Phonological Development: An International Collaboration

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (17) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Barbara May Bernhardt ◽  
Joseph Paul Stemberger ◽  
Daniel Bérubé
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
International Study ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Canadian French ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Chilean Spanish

An international study is investigating phonological development in 12 languages: Romance (Canadian French, Granada, Mexican and Chilean Spanish, and European Portuguese); Germanic (German, English, Swedish, and Icelandic); Semitic (Kuwaiti Arabic); Asian (Japanese, Mandarin); South Slavic (Bulgarian, Slovene). Additional phonological assessment materials have been created for Anishinaabemowin (Algonquian, Canada), Brazilian Portuguese, European French, Punjabi, Tagalog, and Greek. The study has two purposes: (a) to investigate crosslinguistic patterns in phonological development; and (b) to develop assessment tools and treatment activities. Equivalent crosslinguistic methodologies include: (a) single word lists for elicitation that reflect major characteristics of each language; (b) data collection and transcription by native speakers; (c) participant samples of 20–30 preschoolers (ages 3 to 6) with typical versus protracted phonological development; and (d) data analysis supported by Phon, a phonological analysis program. The current paper provides an overview of the study and introduces a website that offers free tutorials and materials for speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

Words within words

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
R. M. W. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Whole Number

This chapter discusses the nature of ‘phonological word’ and ‘grammatical word’ in three disparate languages (on each of which the author has done extensive fieldwork and published a comprehensive description), examining the ways in which one type of word may be included within another type. In Yidiñ, an Australian language, a grammatical word may consist of a whole number of phonological words. Jarawara—from the small Arawá family in the Amazonian jungle of Brazil—also has this feature and in addition allows a phonological word to consist of a whole number of grammatical words. Finally, the Austronesian language Fijian shows both these and also has a grammatical word consisting of one and a bit phonological words (and thus, necessarily, a phonological word consisting of one and a bit grammatical words).

scholarly journals Results of Cluster Analysis of Semantic Features “What is the Person’s Gender? and “What is the Person’s Appearance?” for the Stimulus “Flirting Person””

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Iya Gordienko-Mytrofanova ◽  
Denis Hohol ◽  
Serhii Sauta ◽  
Maryna Konok ◽  
Serhii Bezkorovainyi
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Semantic Feature ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Transgender Identity

The present work continues a series of studies concerning ludic competence/ playfulness by means of psycholinguistic instruments and is devoted to description of the behaviour pattern of the ludic position “Diplomat”, which corresponds to flirting as one of the components of playfulness. The key research method is psycholinguistic experiment whose main stage is the controlled association experiment (CAE) with the stimulus “flirting person”. The sample consisted of 215 young respondents (age 21-35). The instructions for the controlled association experiment was developed in the frame of the parametric concept of I.A. Sternin. 23 questions (semantic features) were formulated. They were recognized as relevant to communication for the stimulus “flirting person” and allowed to obtain the material for describing the behaviour pattern of ludic position Diplomat (“flirting person”) reflecting the reality of linguistic consciousness of native speakers. This study presents the results of cluster analysis of two association fields built for the following semantic features: “What is the person’s gender?” and “What is the person’s appearance?”. The results of cluster analysis of the association field built for the semantic feature “What is the person’s gender?” indicate that in the linguistic consciousness of the inhabitants of Ukraine, the overwhelming majority of respondents (93%) accept the binary concept of gender, for 3% of respondents gender does not matter, and only one respondent considers the transgender identity. The analysis of the association field built for the semantic feature “What is the person’s appearance?” allows us to assert that the absolute majority of respondents (78%) demonstrates an emotionally positive attitude towards “flirting person”.

Teaching lexical chunks on retention and production of referential and collocational meaning of lexis among the Iranian EFL learners

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Manochehr Jaafarigohar ◽  
Mohsen Nazari
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Native Speakers Of English

This study focuses on the role of collocations in language teaching. Due to vagueness in definition and categorization, the collocations are being divided into two types: referential collocations meaning being recognizable by just referring to single word companies, and inferential collocations being the types that the meaning cannot be easily discerned by non-native speakers of English. This study compares these two types of collocations and found that learners had more difficulty in producing the collocations while contrary to some studies they also do not recognize the inferential or referential collocations and face difficulty recognizing or producing them. Keywords: collocation, inferential, referential.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF DISCURSIVE THEORY OF ONOMASTICS

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-261
Author(s):  
E. U. Pozdnyakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Discursive Field ◽  
Discursive Approach

The article deals with the relevance of a new discursive approach to onomastic vocabulary. The onym is considered as a unit that represents a compressed text, which can be expanded under certain conditions. In addition, reverse processes are possible - the compression of discourse to a minimum set of lexical units (a single word or a phrase). There are four important components in the discursive field of an onym: the nominator (the author of the name - N), an onym (the name of the object - O), the recipient (the perceiving subject - P) and the discourse-text (D) connected with an onym. We explain the discursive nature of the onym through the concept of the discursive field, which is a combination of all texts, existing in discours, included in the nominative situation both initially (in the process of nominating an object) and involved in communication during the functioning of the onym in the discursive practices of native speakers.

A case for agreement

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Gor ◽  
Anna Chrabaszcz ◽  
Svetlana Cook
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Functional Load ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Case Type ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Citation Form

Abstract Previous research on Russian nominal inflection reports a processing advantage for the Nominative case, the citation form, in native and highly proficient nonnative speakers (Gor, Chrabaszcz, & Cook, 2017). However, it remains unclear whether this advantage is present only in single-word presentation, or it is a fundamental property of lexical storage and access. Moreover, it is unknown whether the processing costs for different cases in native and nonnative word recognition reflect the hierarchical structure of the nominal paradigm where cases have different functional load and type frequency. We report two lexical decision experiments with cross-modal morphosyntactic priming, which compare the processing of case-inflected noun targets preceded by adjective primes with ambiguous oblique-case inflections by native speakers, early (heritage) and late learners of Russian. While all groups showed a processing advantage for the citation form, only native speakers and highly proficient late learners were sensitive to the oblique-case type frequency hierarchy.

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