EVIDENTIALITY IN THE TURKIC LANGUAGES: THE TYPOLOGICAL VIEW

В статье рассматриваются особенности выражения категории эвиденциальности в тюркских языках. Выделены значения достоверности, неочевидности и неожиданного обнаружения. Равномерное рассредоточение средств выражения по всем языковым уровням признано основным формальным признаком эвиденциальной системы тюркских языков. В этом смысле тюркские языки контрастируют с языками, в которых большая функциональная нагрузка ложится на лексические средства (как, например, в русском языке). Приводятся краткие сведения еще об одном типе языков по исследуемому признаку: его представляют языки, имеющие парадигму особого наклонения - эвиденциалиса (некоторые уральские). С типологической точки зрения весь представленный в тюркских языках комплекс искомых значений и средств их выражения признан особым типом эвиденциальной системности. The article deals with the features of the expression of the category of evidentiality in the Turkic languages. The values of confidence, non - obviousness, and unexpected detection are highlighted. The uniform distribution of the means of expression across all language levels is recognized as the main formal feature of the evidential system of the Turkic languages. In this sense, the Turkic languages contrast with languages in which a large functional load falls on lexical means (as, for example, in Russian). Brief information is given about another type of language according to the studied feature: it is represented by languages that have a paradigm of a special mood - evidentialis (some Uralic). From the typological point of view, the whole complex of the desired meanings and means of their expression presented in the Turkic languages is recognized as a special type of the evidential system.

The Role of Literature in Achieving Proficiency in Language Use: The Case of ESL

It has been observed that many users of English in Nigeria do not possess the required level of competence in the language despite its second language status, with its attendant high functional load. This paper seeks to discover the role of literature in achieving proficiency in the use of the English language. To this end, it is targeted at exploring literature in English as a veritable resource in achieving the required proficiency among Nigerian users of English as a second language. The study population consists of final year students of the Department of English language and Literature of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka in Nigeria. Questionnaires and participant observations were adopted as the instruments for data collection. It was discovered that students who have more exposure to literary works are more proficient in using the English language. It, therefore, concluded that making students read literary works, listen, dramatize, and recite them will acquaint them with the comprehensible input they need to achieve the requisite competence in the language.

Features of morphological changes in articular tissues in vascular diseases of the lower extremities

Background. Big epidemiological studies have revealed a link between osteoarthritis and some cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebral circulation disorders, vascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Objective. Determination of the features of morphological changes in the synovial membrane of the joint, articular cartilage and subchondral bone in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Methods. Histological studies of articular tissues of 30 amputated lower extremities in persons with vascular diseases of the lower extremities were performed. Results. In all samples of the capsule of the knee joint, gross violations of the microcirculatory canal and histological changes of osteoarthritis and subchondral osteoporosis were revealed. At the same time, the revealed changes in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone were more pronounced in the patellar, which in the knee joint carries a negligible functional load, but receives blood supply only from the vessels of the articular capsule than in the joint surface of tibia, carrying the lion's share of the functional load on the knee joint, but receiving blood supply from the posterior tibial artery. Conclusion. The revealed features of morphological changes in articular tissues in vascular diseases of the lower extremities indicate that these diseases play an important role in the development of osteoarthritis and are more significant than the functional load on the joint. Further studies of the features of morphological changes in articular tissues in the samples of various contingents of persons are needed.

AUTOMATED DEPLOYMENT OF A SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT FOR MICROSERVICES IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING TECHNOLOGY STACK

The article is devoted to the development and substantiation of practical recommendations regarding the formation of a mechanism for deploying a software environment for creating and executing microservices in a rapidly changing technological stack. The subject of the research is the basics of building a system for automated deployment of a software environment for the development and execution of microservices. The purpose of the article is to develop and substantiate practical recommendations for the formation of a mechanism for deploying a software environment for creating and executing microservices in a rapidly changing technological stack. The task of the work: to determine the necessary elements of the deployment mechanism of the software environment and provide an analysis of the functional load for each of them, set specific tasks that must be solved when building each of them, propose and justify the choice of tools for their solution. In the course of the study, the methods of system analysis were used to decompose a complex system into elements and each element into functional components. As of the study, it was established that such a mechanism should consist of the following elements: a universal server initialization a result subsystem for any technological stack and a software environment deployment subsystem for developing or executing an application of a certain type on a certain technological stack. Each element is described in detail, its functional load is shown and its role in the overall system is substantiated. It is shown that such a standardized approach to the deployment of the development and runtime environment allows, among other things, to solve the problem of operating microservices in a tested environment. Conclusions. Practical recommendations for the formation of a mechanism for deploying a software environment for creating and executing microservices in a rapidly changing technological stack have been developed and substantiated. This mechanism is automated. It shows its flexibility and versatility in relation to programming languages and other features of the software environment. It is pointed out that when implemented in the shell language, bash does not need any third-party applications for its work. The economic benefit of using the proposed mechanism is shown. The ways of its improvement are shown.

The state of the adrenal cortex in cows with different levels of productivity and their breed affiliation

Purpose: the goal is to study the condition and functional reserves of adrenal cortex in cows with different levels of dairy productivity and their breed accessories.Materials and methods. In the first experience, the object of the study was cows of a holstered black-motley breed with a high and relatively low level of milk productivity (n = 10 in each group). The second experience was carried out on four breeds of lactating cows: Holsteinated black-made, red-made, Montbeliard and Jersey (n = 10 in each group). The blood of animals were taken from the tail vein 1 time per month during lactation to morning feeding. In both experiments, in the third month of lactation, all animals were performed by a two-time functional load of ACTH (dose – 0,5 units / kg of alive mass intramuscularly). After one hour, blood selection was performed and re-injected by adrenocorticotropic hormone in the same dose. After the second introduction, the ACTH was selected through 1.2 and 3 hours. The calculation of the index of the functional activity of the adrenal cortex was carried out according to the JACN = K2 / K1 formula where K1 is the level of cortisol 1 hour after the first load, K2 is the level of cortisol after the second load of the ACTH.Results. In the 1st experience of the highest values, the level of cortisol reached a 3 month lactation. In a highly productive group, the level of cortisol was 86,1 ± 5,3 nmol / l, and in the low product group 74,5 ± 5,7 nmol / l. At 8 months, the lowest cortisol concentration levels are fixed, followed by an increase of 10 months. Differences between groups on 2, 3 and 4 months of lactation are noted as statistically significant (p<0,05). After the load of the ACTH, an index of the functional activity of the adrenal cortex (JACN) was established - in the first high productive group, it was 1.42, and in the second less productive group it was lower and amounted to 1,04.In the 2nd experience at the peak of lactation, which also corresponded to 3 months, the level of cortisol concentration increased from a holstered black-motley breed, Mont Belärd, Red-motley and Jersey to 79,3 ± 5,5; 70,2 ± 3,7; 80,3 ± 3,2; 80,5 ± 3,6 nmol / l, respectively. For 8 months of lactation, this figure decreased with the subsequent increase of the 10th month. After establishing Jacnes in a holstered black-motley breed, Montbeliard, red-motley and jersey recorded the following indicators: 1,21; 1,24; 1,18 and 0,89, respectively.Conclusion. The studies have indicated that in all periods of lactation relative to the high level of cortisol recorded in cows with a higher level of milk productivity. When comparing different rocks, it was established that the limit of the functioning of the adrenal glands in the cows of the Jersey breed was implemented after the first functional load of the ACTH, which gives reason to consider it less stress-resistant with respect to rocks a holstered black and motley, red-motley and monobeldam.

Adaptive and pathological responses of cyprinidae liver towards habitat in the Volga delta

Human impact on ecosystems makes it imperative to monitor populations of different fish species from various perspectives. The consequence of environmental impact on living organisms is the reactions of organs and organ systems, which find their reflection in pathological changes in the fish body particularly. Reactions in the fish body are the result of the combined influence of environmental factors and natural physiological processes associated with feeding, migrations, generative cycles, etc. The changes in the structure of organs detected in fish make it possible to assess the influence of the environment on fish. The research was carried out in the Volga delta, the Bereket (upper delta) and the Kostyl (lower delta) rivers. Reservoirs for research were chosen in such a way that they were subject to anthropogenic influence to varying degrees. Unfavorable living environment represented by pollutants increase the functional load on the liver. The research has shown an increase in the liver index in fish from reservoirs with a higher level of anthropogenic load. Metabolic functioning of liver cells is considered as an important protective mechanism against toxicants, while the associated transformations are somehow connected with detoxification. Histological preparations were made according to standard methods.

One-member sentences and their communicative potential in professional discourse

В статье рассматривается структурно-семантическая организация отдельных типов односоставных предложений в профессиональной коммуникации. Анализ функциональной нагрузки и коммуникативного потенциала исследуемых конструкций проводится с дискурсивных позиций. В качестве предмета лингвистического анализа выбраны строевые команды, представляющие собой односоставные и неполные грамматические структуры, реализация которых напрямую обусловлена стандартизованностью и субординативностью военной речи, однозначностью интерпретации и отсутствием вариативности. В фокусе внимания – инфинитивные и определенно-личные синтаксические единицы, ориентированные на вертикальную модель коммуникации. Отмечается четко выраженная жанровая обусловленность процессов интеръективации и вербализации. Демонстрируется, что императивный характер военного дискурса определяет семантику и коммуникативную направленность односоставных и неполных словесных конструкций. The article deals with the structural and semantic organization of certain types of one-member sentences in professional communication. The functional load and the communicative potential of the sentences are analyzed from a discursive standpoint. The object of linguistic analysis are drill commands, which are one-member and incomplete grammatical structures. The standardization and subordinality of military speech, unambiguous interpretation and lack of variability directly affect drill command verbalization forms. The focus is on infinitive and definite personal syntactic units oriented towards the vertical communication model. The interjectivation and verbalization processes are clearly caused by the genre. The article shows that the imperative nature of military discourse determines the semantics and communicative orientation of one-member and incomplete verbal constructions.

The Southwestern Mandarin /n/-/l/ Merger: Effects on Production in Standard Mandarin and English

Southwestern Mandarin is one of the most important modern Chinese dialects, with over 270 million speakers. One of its most noticeable phonological features is an inconsistent distinction between the pronunciation of (n) and (l), a feature shared with Cantonese. However, while /n/-/l/ in Cantonese has been studied extensively, especially in its effect upon English pronunciation, the /l/-/n/ distinction has not been widely studied for Southwestern Mandarin speakers. Many speakers of Southwestern Mandarin learn Standard Mandarin as a second language when they begin formal schooling, and English as a third language later. Their lack of /l/-/n/ distinction is largely a marker of regional accent. In English, however, the lack of a distinction risks loss of intelligibility because of the high functional load of /l/-/n/. This study is a phonetic investigation of initial and medial (n) and (l) production in English and Standard Mandarin by speakers of Southwestern Mandarin. Our goal is to identify how Southwestern Mandarin speakers produce (n) and (l) in their additional languages, thus providing evidence for variations within Southwestern Mandarin and identifying likely difficulties for L2 learning. Twenty-five Southwestern Mandarin speakers recorded English words with word initial (n) and (l), medial &lt;ll&gt; or &lt;nn&gt; spellings (e.g., swallow, winner), and word-medial (nl) combinations (e.g., only) and (ln) combinations (e.g., walnut). They also read Standard Mandarin monosyllabic words with initial (l) and (n), and Standard Mandarin disyllabic words with (l) or (n). Of the 25 subjects, 18 showed difficulties producing (n) and (l) consistently where required, while seven (all part of the same regional variety) showed no such difficulty. The results indicate that SWM speakers had more difficulty with initial nasal sounds in Standard Mandarin, which was similar to their performance in producing Standard Mandarin monosyllabic words. For English, production of (l) was significantly less accurate than (n), and (l) production in English was significantly worse than in Standard Mandarin. When both sounds occurred next to each other, there was a tendency toward producing only one sound, suggesting that the speakers assimilated production toward one phonological target. The results suggest that L1 influence may differ for the L2 and L3.

Fragmentarism as a way of organizing musical texts in the 1970s – 1990s

The last third of the XX century is marked in the musical work with a search for new scientific and creative paradigms, their change and approbation. Fragmentarism is one of the most important among them, which became actual and primary one at this time for organizing the form and modeling the meaningful levels of musical works. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the fragmentarism (previously peripheral) in the last third of the XX century becomes a factor in organizing the form and coding of the content of a piece of music. The phenomenon of precedent and intertextuality have become increasingly important in the diversification of content when using these principles, along with methods of mixed style and mixed genre. The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of these factors in the modeling of content in musical works of the last third of the XX century. The leading method to the study of this issue is the analysis method, which allows to comprehensively consider the functional load of precedent phenomena as components of content making in the music of the last third of the XX century.