Emotional disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Mark Selikowitz
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Emotional Difficulties ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Frustration Tolerance ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Low Frustration Tolerance ◽  
Thrill Seeking ◽  
The Brain

Emotional disorders in children with ADHD are often difficult to detect. The emotional problems that occur in children with ADHD fall into three categories: emotional characteristics of ADHD (low frustration tolerance, preoccupation, thrill-seeking, dysthymia, and overexcitability), reactive emotions to having ADHD, and coexisting emotional disorders (depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder). Inefficient inhibitory processes in the brain are the basis of these emotional difficulties. It is essential to be aware of the frequent occurrence of emotional disorders in children with ADHD. This chapter discusses emotional disorders in ADHD, including the emotional characteristics of ADHD, reactive emotions, and coexisting emotional disorders.

Impulsiveness in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients

1983 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Hoehn-Saric ◽  
Vernon C. Barksdale
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Frustration Tolerance ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neuroticism Scale ◽  
Low Frustration Tolerance

SummaryObsessive-compulsive patients with a history of poor impulse control were identified and compared with non-impulsive obsessive-compulsive patients. Although both groups reported comparable obsessive-compulsive symptoms, the impulsive group rated significantly higher on disturbances during childhood, which included learning problems, low frustration tolerance, poor interpersonal relationships and attention-seeking behaviour. The impulsive group also scored highly on the neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and reported a higher incidence of somatic symptoms. It appears that poor impulse control was related to disturbances which had already manifested themselves during childhood, while the obsessive-compulsive disorder was superimposed at a later time.

Neurostimulation therapies

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
Daniel W. O’Connor ◽  
Christos Plakiotis ◽  
Peter Farnbach
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Electrical Impulses ◽  
The Brain

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) all entail the delivery of electrical impulses to the brain with the aim of relieving mental disorders. ECT is an effective treatment of depression, mania and catatonia and, to a lesser extent, of schizophrenia. Its side effects, principally cognitive impairment, are mitigated through the use of individually tailored, unilateral delivery. TMS is more convenient but of lesser effectiveness. DBS, while reversible and thus safer than lesional surgery, is a major undertaking that is reserved at present for profoundly disabling depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette’s syndrome.

The Unified Protocol for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Johanna Thompson-Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Transdiagnostic Treatment ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Unified Protocol

The case of a 25-year-old male with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is presented in this chapter. The patient, “Luke,” had primary obsessions related to harm befalling his family and girlfriend, as well as fears of contamination. His primary compulsions included mental “undoing,” in his words, and repeating actions. He engaged in significant avoidance around potential contaminants. The text reviews Luke’s course of treatment with the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP), including the application of each treatment module and attention to challenging issues that arose in this case. Specific attention is devoted to the use of cognitive reappraisal in the UP for OCD, managing symptom accommodation by family members, and exposure in the context of intrusive thoughts and mental rituals.

Obsessive Musical Hallucinations in a Schizophrenia Patient: Psychopathological and fMRI Characteristics

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Bleich-Cohen ◽  
Talma Hendler ◽  
Artashes Pashinian ◽  
Sarit Faragian ◽  
Michael Poyurovsky
Keyword(s):  
Schizophrenia Patient ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Brain

AbstractObsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) are relatively common and clinically significant phenomena in schizophrenia patients, suggesting the existence of a separate schizo-obsessive subgroup of the disorder. Although a majority of schizo-obsessive patients have typical ego-dystonic OCS, a meaningful proportion exhibits diagnostically challenging psychopathological phenomena, psychotic in content and obsessive in form. We report the clinical and functional magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of a schizophrenia patient who developed auditory hallucinations with musical content and obsessive in form. We suggest that “obsessive musical hallucinations”, that integrate both psychotic and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-related features, may be mediated by the brain networks believed to be involved in OCD and in auditory musical hallucinations.

Deep brain stimulation and anterior capsulotomy: The question of autonomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S323-S323
Author(s):  
S. Raymaekers ◽  
Z. Van Duppen ◽  
K. Demyttenaere ◽  
L. Luyten ◽  
L. Gabriels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anterior Capsulotomy ◽  
Deep Brain

IntroductionIn carefully selected treatment-refractory patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), deep brain stimulation (DBS) or anterior capsulotomy (AC) might be considered as a possible treatment. However, the direct intervention in the brain can raise questions about autonomy. Do patients still feel like they are in control of their actions when their behavior is changed by a surgical intervention?Objective/aimsTo examine in both AC and DBS patients whether these intervention influenced perception of autonomy. We aimed to discover any differences in these perceptions when comparing AC and DBS patients.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with AC and DBS patients. Interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed interviews in an iterative process based on grounded theory principles.ResultsWe interviewed 10 DBS patients and 6 AC patients. Sense of agency (the awareness that one is the author of his/her own actions) did not seem to be diminished by AC or DBS. However, especially DBS patients are aware of their dependency on a device for their well-being. Another important theme is authenticity (in how far patients perceive their actions and thoughts as matching their self-concept). Feelings of authenticity can be disturbed especially in cases of induced hypomania (for DBS) or apathy (for AC). OCD itself also has an impact on autonomy as patients describe a lack of freedom due to their disorder.ConclusionDespite extensive changes in emotions, behavior and even personal identity after DBS or AC surgery, perceived autonomy was not greatly altered in these OCD patients.Disclosure of interestMedtronic provided grants for research, education, and traveling to B. Nuttin and L. Gabriëls, who hold the Medtronic Chair for Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Psychiatric Disorders at KU Leuven. S. Raymaekers is supported by this Chair. B. Nuttin co-owns a patent on DBS in OCD.

Effect of amphetamine on behavioral patterns of obsessive-compulsive and addictive gambling in a rat marble test

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Natalia D. Yakushina ◽  
Anna G. Pshenichnaya ◽  
Eugenii R. Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

A rodent marble test can be qualified as the most informative test of evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder as a neurobiological component of pathological gambling. Several behavioral components of obsession (obsessive and anxious ideas) and compulsions (obsessive actions) directed to anxiety reduction are modeled in this test. The effect of psychostimulant amphetamine on the rat behavior was studied in a marble test, anxiety-phobic model (scale), open field (evaluation of motor and emotional activity) and resident-intruder test (Intraspecies behavior). Amphetamine 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg increased a number of burying bolls and elevated anxiety level in dose dependent manner. This accompanied with reduction of explorative activity, elevation of motor activity and number of individual behavioral patterns. Therefore, dopaminergic system of the brain activated with amphetamine is involved in obsessive-compulsive behavior and pathological gambling.

Unfinished Processing in the Emotional Disorders: The Zeigarnik Effect

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. James ◽  
Katherine Kendell
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Number Of Treatment

Intrusions and perseverations, although often associated with psychiatric disorders, have a functional role within the information processing system (Eberly, Harkness, & Engdhal, 1991). Research suggests that these phenomena act as conscious aide memoires (Kvavilashvili, 1987) informing the cognitive system that there are prospective tasks to be done (i.e. tasks started, or intentions made, but not finished). In the case of psychiatric problems, the intrusions and perseverations may reflect the presence of unresolved issues that require further processing. The current paper outlines this hypothesis and presents the Zeigarnik effect (Zeigarnik, 1927) as one potential factor amongst others helping to maintain the incidence of intrusions. The paper also describes the possible modus operandi of this effect in terms of post-traumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder and general-anxiety disorder. A number of treatment strategies are discussed which may decrease the incidence of Zeigarnik intrusions.

The Blueberry Syndrome

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris M. Levinson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Frustration Tolerance ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Socioeconomic Strata ◽  
Low Frustration Tolerance

Too-inclusive and too-rigid classifications of childhood emotional disorders have led diagnosticians to overlook conditions which do not fit under accepted labels. Recently this author has encountered a hitherto unnamed disorder which he calls the Blueberry syndrome, and which shares some features with autism, childhood psychosis and mental retardation, but also differs significantly from all of these. Its principal manifestations are lack of speech, low frustration tolerance, and aggressive response to invasion of personal space. Onset follows a normal pre- and perinatal period, with no evidence of brain damage or emotional disorder. There is mental retardation secondary to language deficits, but no social withdrawal, overwhelming anxiety, or obsessive need for sameness. The children come from the lower socioeconomic strata and from either intact or broken families. Etiology is unknown but may involve genetic mutations affecting development of the cerebral speech area. Treatment focuses on improving present satisfactions and functioning.

Investigating the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)val66metvariant in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sîan M.J. Hemmings ◽  
Craig J. Kinnear ◽  
Lize Van Der Merwe ◽  
Christine Lochner ◽  
Valerie A. Corfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Brain

Interpersonal style in obsessive compulsive disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stian Solem ◽  
Aashild T. Haaland ◽  
Kristen Hagen ◽  
Gunvor Launes ◽  
Bjarne Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Problems ◽  
Interpersonal Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interpersonal Style ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Styles ◽  
Specific Symptoms

AbstractAccording to interpersonal theory of personality, interpersonal behaviours can be causal and maintaining factors in emotional disorders. However, interpersonal styles have not yet been investigated in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the study was to investigate interpersonal style in OCD. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems – Circumplex was used to assess the interpersonal styles of 101 outpatients with OCD treated with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Patients with OCD had more interpersonal problems than the healthy control group. However, the OCD group presented with slightly fewer interpersonal problems than a further comparison group of psychiatric outpatients. Interpersonal style did not predict improvement in OCD symptoms. Following CBT for OCD, there were small to moderate improvements in interpersonal problems. These changes remained stable at 12-month follow-up. Although the OCD group reported reduced interpersonal problems post-treatment, the group still experienced more submissiveness compared to healthy controls. Interpersonal problems in OCD appeared to be more attributable to comorbid conditions than to OCD-specific symptoms. Although patients with OCD were found to have interpersonal styles that might cause some problems, these were minimal at baseline and did not significantly affect OCD treatment outcomes. Interpersonal problems in this population might be more strongly related to depressive symptoms than to OCD-specific symptoms. CBT was associated with slight improvements in interpersonal problems.

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