The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in craniotes

2019 ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Steven F. Perry ◽  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Anke Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Control Of Breathing ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Body Wall Musculature ◽  
And Function

The origin of lungs from a swim bladder, swim bladder from lungs, or both from a relatively undifferentiated respiratory pharynx remains unresolved. Once present, the lungs can be ventilated by a positive-pressure buccal pump, which can be easily derived from the gill ventilation sequence in a lungfish, or by negative-pressure aspiration. Although aspiration breathing is characteristic of amniotes, it has also been observed in a lungfish and body wall muscle contraction in response to respiratory stimuli has even been reported in lamprey larvae. The hypaxial body wall musculature used for aspiration breathing is also necessary for locomotion in most amniotes, just when respiratory demand is greatest. This paradox, called Carrier’s constraint, is a major limiting factor in the evolution of high-performance faculties, and the evolution of anatomical and physiological specializations that circumvent it characterize most major amniote groups. Serendipitous combinations have resulted in evolutionary cascades and high-performance groups such as birds and mammals. Complementing evolution are the capacities for acclimatization and adaptation not only in the structure and function of the gas exchanger, but also in the control of breathing and the composition of the blood.

mirror, a Drosophila homeobox gene in the Iroquois complex, is required for sensory organ and alula formation

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 1217-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.T. Kehl ◽  
K.O. Cho ◽  
K.W. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Region ◽  
Sensory Bristles ◽  
And Function

The Drosophila notum, the dorsal body wall of the thorax, is subdivided genetically into longitudinal domains (Calleja, M., Moreno, E., Pelaz, S. and Morata, G. (1996) Science 274, 252–255). Two homeobox genes clustered in the iroquois complex, araucan and caupolican, regulate proneural genes and are required for development of sensory bristles in the lateral notum (Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L., del Corral, R. D., de la Calle-Mustienes, E., Ferres-Marco, D. and Modolell, J. (1996) Cell 85, 95–105). An iroquois-related homeobox gene, mirror, was recently isolated and is localized close to the iroquois complex region (McNeil, H., Yang, C.-H., Brodsky, M., Ungos, J. and Simon, M. A. (1997) Genes and Development 11, 1073–1082; this study). We show that mirror is required for the formation of the alula and a subset of sensory bristles in the lateral domain of the notum. Genetic analysis suggests that mirror and the other iroquois genes interact to form the alula as well as the sensory organs. Based on similarities between mirror and the iroquois genes in their genetic map positions, expression, protein structure and function, mirror is considered a new member of the iroquois complex and is involved in prepatterning sensory precursor cells in the lateral notum.

scholarly journals Membrane proteins in nanotechnology

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Paul Curnow
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Protein Structure And Function ◽  
Exciting Current ◽  
And Function

The potential for nanotechnology to transform modern life has been appreciated for several years. Generally, nanotechnology involves objects with at least one dimension of less than 100 nm. Such stuff is abundant in the natural world, and one of the most exciting current areas in nanoscience research is the use of proteins as nanoscale components of high-performance devices and as nanosized tools in their own right. Biochemists, with our relatively sophisticated and mature toolkit for understanding protein structure and function, are now saddling up to explore the wild frontiers of biological nanotechnology.

Ultrastructural morphology of the body wall, stoma, and stomatostyle of the nematode, Tylenchorhynchus dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1936

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Byers ◽  
R. V. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ultrastructural Morphology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The fine structure of the body wall, stoma, and stomatostyle of the plant parasitic nematode, Tylenchorhynchus dubius, is described. The body wall consists of a six-layered cuticle, about 1 μ thick, and a thin interchordal hypodermis. Some details of the labial framework and the cuticular lining of the stoma are described. The shaft of the stomatostyle is composed of five distinct layers. The attachment between the shaft and the stomatal cuticle is characterized by several specializations. One of these is an extensive attachment complex formed at the lateral junction between the stomatal and stylet epithelia. The protractor musculature consists of three main units which are each subdivided anteriorly into smaller elements. Also present are four secondary muscle elements which extend posteriorly beyond the base of the stylet and attach to the cuticular lining of the esophagus above the dorsal duct orifice.The ultrastructural morphology described for T. dubius is compared with that known for other plant parasitic nematodes. Some likely relationships between structure and function are also discussed.

Nature-derived, structure and function integrated ultra-thick carbon electrode for high-performance supercapacitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (38) ◽  
pp. 20072-20081
Author(s):  
Kun Liu ◽  
Runwei Mo ◽  
Wujie Dong ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Fuqiang Huang
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Conductive Additive ◽  
Binder Free ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thick Electrode

A structure-engineered and heteroatom-functionalized carbon slice has been developed as binder-free, conductive-additive-free, and self-supporting ultra-thick electrode via a nature-based design.

Research and Design of Small Displacement LPG Motorcycle Pressure Reducer

2013 ◽  
Vol 655-657 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Cun Xia Li ◽  
Rui Hai Ji ◽  
Yang Tuo
Keyword(s):  
Simple Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Solenoid Valve ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Function ◽  
Research And Design

In the analysis, comparison LPG motorcycles and on the basis of the similarities and differences of LPG vehicles, LPG motorcycle liquid positive-pressure fuel system, Which simplifies the structure of the vacuum evaporator; two decompression Design, to ensure a vacuum evaporatordecompression and regulator role; to install the solenoid valve at the exit of sewage outlets and to consider the installation directions, so that the structure and function of the vacuum evaporator to be optimized; matching tests show that the vacuum evaporator simple structure, reliable performanceto meet national standards.

Structure and function of secretory glochids and nectar composition in two Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) species

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 425-437
Author(s):  
Stefany Cristina de Melo Silva ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado ◽  
Massimo Nepi ◽  
Tatiane Maria Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Median Region ◽  
And Function ◽  
Similar Amino Acid ◽  
Shed Light

Cactaceae exhibit highly modified spines that are considered to be extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). Despite their ecological and taxonomical relevance in this family, little is known on their structure and function. We have described the anatomy, ontogenesis, and ultrastructure of the secretory glochids in two Opuntioideae species. Young cladodes of Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) A. Berger and Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck were processed for light and electron microscopy studies. The composition of the secretions was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The secretory glochids were soft, massive, and barbed, as well as translucent. Hyaline droplets on the secretory glochid apex were collected by aggressive ants. The secretory glochids originated from the areolar meristem, beginning as small protuberances formed by protoderm and ground meristem. Mature secretory glochids consisted of a central multiseriate axis of ground cells covered by uniseriate epidermis with a continuous cuticle, and exhibited three regions: (i) dilated vascularized base with parenchyma cells exhibiting features associated to nectar secretion; (ii) elongated median region with juxtaposed fusiform non-lignified parenchyma cells; and (iii) tapered apical portion with immature fibers loosely arranged cells. The exudate was sucrose-dominant with a similar amino acid profile in both species. Our results shed light on the secretory activity of glochids in Cactaceae and their role in cactus–ant interactions.

The Insect Circulatory System: Structure, Function, and Evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián F. Hillyer ◽  
Günther Pass
Keyword(s):  
Translational Medicine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Function

Although the insect circulatory system is involved in a multitude of vital physiological processes, it has gone grossly understudied. This review highlights this critical physiological system by detailing the structure and function of the circulatory organs, including the dorsal heart and the accessory pulsatile organs that supply hemolymph to the appendages. It also emphasizes how the circulatory system develops and ages and how, by means of reflex bleeding and functional integration with the immune system, it supports mechanisms for defense against predators and microbial invaders, respectively. Beyond that, this review details evolutionary trends and novelties associated with this system, as well as the ways in which this system also plays critical roles in thermoregulation and tracheal ventilation in high-performance fliers. Finally, this review highlights how novel discoveries could be harnessed for the control of vector-borne diseases and for translational medicine, and it details principal knowledge gaps that necessitate further investigation.

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