The Emergence of Hindi Literature: From Transregional Maru-Gurjar to Madhyadeśī Narratives

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Bangha
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Western India ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Literary Historiography ◽  
Hindi Literature

Imre Bangha locates the source of what would later become the literary idioms associated with the Hindi heartland—Brajbhasha, Avadhi, Khari Boli, and so on—in Maru-Gurjar, an idiom originating not in the Gangetic plain but in western India, particularly the lands of modern Gujarat and western Rajasthan. Bangha argues that it was this literary language, originally cultivated by Jains beginning in the late twelfth century, that eventually spread to the lands known as madhyadeś, where in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries it developed into the forms that we now associate with Brajbhasha and Avadhi. Bangha also reveals that the linguistic and literary evidence for this connection has been apparent for some time, but modern Hindi literary historiography, taking nationalism as its organizing principle and embracing a strict sense of religion as one of the significant boundaries of literary culture, has been largely unable to see it.

scholarly journals Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 11791-11803 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ram ◽  
M. M. Sarin ◽  
P. Hegde
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Western India ◽  
Central Himalaya ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Inorganic Species

Abstract. A long-term study, conducted from February 2005 to July 2008, involving chemical composition and optical properties of ambient aerosols from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak: 29.4° N, 79.5° E, ~1950 m a.s.l.) in the central Himalaya is reported here. The total suspended particulate (TSP) mass concentration varied from 13 to 272 μg m−3 over a span of 42 months. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and TSP increase significantly during the summer (April–June) due to increase in the concentration of mineral dust associated with the long-range transport from desert regions (from the middle-East and Thar Desert in western India). The seasonal variability in the carbonaceous species (EC, OC) is also significantly pronounced, with lower concentrations during the summer and monsoon (July–August) and relatively high during the post-monsoon (September–November) and winter (December–March). On average, total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) and water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS) contribute nearly 25 and 10% of the TSP mass, respectively. The WSOC/OC ratios range from 0.36 to 0.83 (average: 0.55 ± 0.15), compared to lower ratios in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (range: 0.35–0.40), and provide evidence for the enhanced contribution from secondary organic aerosols. The mass fraction of absorbing EC ranged from less than a percent (during the summer) to as high as 7.6% (during the winter) and absorption coefficient (babs, at 678 nm) varied between 0.9 to 33.9 Mm−1 (1 Mm−1=10−6 m−1). A significant linear relationship between babs and EC (μgC m−3) yields a slope of 12.2 (± 2.3) m2 g−1, which is used as a measure of the mass absorption efficiency (σabs) of EC.

‘O Hebraic People!’

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-183
Author(s):  
Ruth Nisse
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Hebrew Text ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Literary Transmission

When Chaucer wrote his anti-Judaic Prioress’s Tale, there had been no Jews in England for roughly a century. Nevertheless, the loss of the small but vital twelfth and thirteenth-century Jewish community—and with it Hebrew as a literary language—has implications for Chaucer’s place in a polyglot England. This chapter concerns the Anglo-Hebrew grammarian and poet Berekhiah ha-Nakdan, who composed, among other works, a translation of Adelard of Bath’s Natural Questions and a collection of beast fables, translated from Latin and French sources. The Fox Fables, a Hebrew text from the Angevin cultural moment of the twelfth century, touches on many of the themes of language, literary transmission, and social injustice that later interested Chaucer.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Critical Writing ◽  
Victorian Fiction ◽  
Romantic Poetry ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
International Reputation

The Introduction outlines the scope and range of this study of perfume in Victorian literary culture, defining its terms and explaining its specific links with aestheticism and decadence during 1860–1900, the period in which British perfumery developed, expanded, and gained an international reputation. It also explains the important links between perfume and literary language, surveys various kinds of modern writing about smell and perfume, and indicates the relatively small amount of critical writing on olfaction in Victorian literature. Finally, signalling the broadly chronological organization of this monograph, it provides detailed chapter summaries which trace an evolutionary movement from Romantic poetry and early and mid-Victorian fiction to aestheticism, decadence, and the literature of the fin de siècle, ending with Virginia Woolf and Compton Mackenzie, two early twentieth-century novelists whose works provide contrasting reactions to Victorian scented literature and perfumed decadence.

The thirteenth-century runic revival in Denmark and Iceland

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Tarrin Wills
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Textual Production ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Revival Movement

While in the High Middle Ages runic literacy appears to have been very much alive in urban centres such as Bergen, interest in runes appears to have been of a different nature in learned circles and in other parts of the Scandinavian world which had adopted widespread textual production of the Latin alphabet. This paper examines a number of runic phenomenon from the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries in Denmark and Iceland to argue that they belong to a cultural revival movement rather than forming part of a continuous runic tradition stretching back into the early Middle Ages. Some of these runic texts show some connection with the Danish royal court, and should rather be seen as forming part of the changes in literary culture emanating from continental Europe from the late twelfth century and onwards: they all show a combined interest in Latin learning and vernacular literary forms.

scholarly journals Of fear and fantasy, fact and fiction: Interrogating canonical Indian literary historiography towards comprehending partition of Bengal in post-Independence Indian (English) fictional space

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashes Gupta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Western India ◽  
Indian Literature ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Literary Historiography ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
Fictional Space ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Historical Moment

A victim of the partition of Eastern India/undivided Bengal, a refugee is one who has ironically left behind the real but has carried on forever indelibly imprinted in memory that which is lost and remembered in superlatives, thus moving and simultaneously resisting to move. Remaining mentally anchored forever on ‘Bengal’s shore’ and having been denied the moment of adequate articulation of the loss in factual terms partly due to immediate trauma and partly due to the inherent politics of the language of standard literary expression vis-à-vis spoken language (Bangla vs Bangal respectively) with its hierarchic positionings, as well as the politics of state policy that attributed partition of Western India primordial signification, the Bengali Hindu refugee migrating from erstwhile East Pakistan (and now Bangladesh) to India, has never ‘really’ spoken and this is the hypothesis of this argument. Thus, what is heard, being far removed from the historical moment of rupture that was partition and with the loss of that fateful generation is bound to be ‘fiction’ and not ‘fact’. This paper proposes that since the refugee voice was denied adequate articulation of the ‘facts’ and the ‘fears’ resultant from partition in this part of Eastern India, that historical moment of perception and documentation has been irretrievably lost. Hence any attempt at documenting the same now shall obviously result in fictionalization of and fantasizing the loss as is evident in original and translational post-Independence Indian English Fiction -the moment of loss being the moment of fictional genesis. This paper also puts forward the necessity of identifying two specific periods beyond ‘independence’ whose axiomatic point would be the partition of Eastern India/ undivided Bengal viz. pre-partition and post-partition Indian Literature. The same shall apply to Indian English Literature both in original and translation.

scholarly journals Vertical and horizontal distribution of submicron aerosol chemical composition and physical characteristics across northern India during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 5615-5634 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Brooks ◽  
James D. Allan ◽  
Paul I. Williams ◽  
Dantong Liu ◽  
Cathryn Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Western India ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Submicron Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Indo Gangetic Plain ◽  
Mass Concentrations

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The vertical distribution in the physical and chemical properties of submicron aerosol has been characterised across northern India for the first time using airborne in situ measurements. This study focusses primarily on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a low-lying area in the north of India which commonly experiences high aerosol mass concentrations prior to the monsoon season. Data presented are from the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements BAe-146 research aircraft that performed flights in the region during the 2016 pre-monsoon (11 and 12 June) and monsoon (30 June to 11 July) seasons.</p> <p>Inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain boundary layer, organic matter dominated the submicron aerosol mass (43&amp;thinsp;%) followed by sulfate (29&amp;thinsp;%), ammonium (14&amp;thinsp;%), nitrate (7&amp;thinsp;%) and black carbon (7&amp;thinsp;%). However, outside the Indo-Gangetic Plain, sulfate was the dominant species, contributing 44&amp;thinsp;% to the total submicron aerosol mass in the boundary layer, followed by organic matter (30&amp;thinsp;%), ammonium (14&amp;thinsp;%), nitrate (6&amp;thinsp;%) and black carbon (6&amp;thinsp;%). Chlorine mass concentrations were negligible throughout the campaign. Black carbon mass concentrations were higher inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain (2&amp;thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&amp;thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>) compared to outside (1&amp;thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&amp;thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>). Nitrate appeared to be controlled by thermodynamic processes, with increased mass concentration in conditions of lower temperature and higher relative humidity. Increased mass and number concentrations were observed inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the aerosol was more absorbing in this region, whereas outside the Indo-Gangetic Plain the aerosol was larger in size and more scattered in nature, suggesting greater dust presence, especially in north-western India. The aerosol composition remained largely similar as the monsoon season progressed, but the total aerosol mass concentrations decreased by <span class="inline-formula">∼50</span>&amp;thinsp;% as the rainfall arrived; the pre-monsoon average total mass concentration was 30&amp;thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&amp;thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> compared to a monsoon average total mass concentration of 10–20&amp;thinsp;<span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g&amp;thinsp;m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span>. However, this mass concentration decrease was less noteworthy (<span class="inline-formula">∼20</span>&amp;thinsp;%–30&amp;thinsp;%) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, likely due to the strength of emission sources in this region. Decreases occurred in coarse mode aerosol, with the fine mode fraction increasing with monsoon arrival. In the aerosol vertical profile, inside the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon, organic aerosol and absorbing aerosol species dominated in the lower atmosphere (<span class="inline-formula">&amp;lt;1.5</span>&amp;thinsp;km), with sulfate, dust and other scattering aerosol species enhanced in an elevated aerosol layer above 1.5&amp;thinsp;km with maximum aerosol height <span class="inline-formula">∼6</span>&amp;thinsp;km. The elevated concentration of dust at altitudes <span class="inline-formula">&amp;gt;1.5</span>&amp;thinsp;km is<span id="page5616"/> a clear indication of dust transport from the Great Indian Desert, also called the Thar Desert, in north-western India. As the monsoon progressed into this region, the elevated aerosol layer diminished, the aerosol maximum height reduced to <span class="inline-formula">∼2</span>&amp;thinsp;km. The dust and sulfate-dominated aerosol layer aloft was removed upon monsoon arrival, highlighted by an increase in fine mode fraction throughout the profile.</p>

Grammar and Rhetoric c.1100–c.1400

2020 ◽  
pp. 387-406
Author(s):  
Rita Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Historical Awareness ◽  
Literary Learning

Fourteenth-century readers depended, often without historical awareness, on the innovations of the twelfth century in the trivium arts of grammar and rhetoric. The literary culture of the fourteenth-century grammar classroom could trace itself back to developments of the twelfth century and the standardized forms these assumed in the thirteenth. Without the decisive classicism of twelfth-century teaching, the ‘digested’ and anthologized classicism of the later periods would have been unlikely. Fourteenth-century literary learning was more professionalized than that of earlier periods, and often more streamlined. But its particular achievements, as reflected in the work of Chaucer, Gower, and others, would have been impossible without the pedagogical and theoretical breakthroughs of the earlier period.

Sexual Language and Human Conflict in Old French Fabliaux

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Melhado White
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
French Literature ◽  
Old French ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
European Literature ◽  
New Form ◽  
Human Conflict ◽  
Personal Fulfillment

French literature has specialized, almost since its beginning, in accounts of eroticism and courtship. During the twelfth century, Northern romance and Southern lyric described an idealized heterosexuality and its role in honing the aristocratic individual. In the thirteenth century, a new genre appeared that dealt with sexual encounter in more materialistic terms. The new form, the fabliau, added to literary language a vocabulary of vulgarisms from the spoken vernacular. At the same time, it gave European literature a new theme: sexuality that betokens not personal fulfillment, but rivalrous interpersonal struggle.

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