Literary Representation of Sport in Historical Turmoil: On Józef Hen’s “The Boxer and The Death”

The present article strives to analyze a sporting war short story The Boxer and The Death by Józef Hen as an exemplary piece of sports writing immersed in a historical context. Although there is no entrenched tradition of sports writing in the Polish literary expression, the story offers a very classic sports narrative anchored in the Holocaust reality. Following the presentation of the figure of Hen and providing historical background for sport in concentration camps, the author analyzes the story, focusing on its two main characters: Janusz Kominek and Walter Kraft, as well as the values and symbols they represent. It is also argued that The Boxer and The Death fulfills the criteria of a traditional western, melodramatic narrative, and conforms to Robert J. Higgs’s Adonic model of an athlete in literature.

Góry i wspinaczka w „Boskiej komedii” Dantego

The study uses a variant of the geocritical methodology combined with humanistic mining studies. It was pointed out that in Dante’s poem there were numerous references to the realities of real space (the Alps and the Apennines, which, appearing as a separate part of the mountain world, in the poem at the same time constitute a kind of props room of mountain motifs, used in the construction of Purgatory Mountain). Also, the journeys of the heroes, Dante and his guide Virgil, can be perceived realistically as an actual journey, made in a difficult mountain terrain. It was specified in the realities of Hell, Purgatory Mountain, and Paradise. In this way, using specific Earth realities, Dante created a powerful vision largely made of mountain realities. Mount Purgatory, the target of Dante’s ascent, created when Lucifer, thrown from the heavens, struck the depths of the Earth deep into its center, which changed the hemisphere and pushed up the land masses, throwing them over the surface of the ocean covering the southern hemisphere. Locating the Mount of Purgatory in the center of the southern hemisphere, and at the antipodes of Jerusalem, as a mountain rising on a small island from the vastness of the seas covering this part of the world, Dante used elements of the Muslim tradition (perhaps known to him) with its notions of a lofty, pyramidal shape, which is considered to be the holy Mount of Adam (2243 m) in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The poet, however, never once described the Purgatory Mountain as a whole, creating a vision of its enormity seen from under its steep walls, but he introduced into the poem numerous details about the surface of this mountain and how to climb it. He filled his abstract vision with real details. From the very first songs of Purgatory, the narrative runs in the order of the characters’ ascent towards the summit Paradise. The work hypothesized that the famous poet Bismantova became the prototype of the Dante Mountain of Purgatory, such a judgment is almost universally approved. That Dante saw this mountain is certain: he was in Lunigiano and Casentino (Bismantova rises right next to it) in 1306, and certainly before 1315, at the time when Divine Comedy was being written. For the accuracy of this hypothesis, the shape of this vast rock mass (culmination in 1047), rising above the level of the surrounding valleys by about 400 m in height with almost vertical rock walls, is of great importance for the accuracy of this hypothesis. The peak landscape largely corresponds to the ideas of an ancient idyllic grove. These realities of the mountain landscape meant that the thought about them found literary expression in the pages of Dante’s poem, which prompts me to share my opinion that the sight of the boatswain and his presence in it gave Dante a vision of the Purgatory Mountain as a “hybrid” creation, partially a description of a real landscape and in part a fantastic, syncretic vision based on elements of ancient literary tradition. The description of climbing this mountain leads us through a narrow chimney, overhang, and other rock formations, forming terraces in the structure of the mountain. The conclusion of the work are the words of Italian literary researcher Filippo Zolezzi, who wrote that “Mount Purgatory appears as an absolute ideal of a mountain, because on its top there is an earthly Paradise — a space of direct contact with the divine, hence even the most beautiful earthly mountains are merely a copy of them. However, the very fact that a poet — a man — to reach this summit, has to climb, climb, makes it an ideal prototype for mountain climbing”.

A ‘Stain on Silence’: The Registration of Trauma in the Comics Memoirs of Alison Bechdel and Art Spiegelman

<p>The value of comics as a medium for serious literary expression, despite growing popularity and recognition, is still contested. Two of the most successful examples of the medium, Art Spiegelman’s Maus (1986 & 1992) and Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home (2006), use differing and similar strategies to narrate the transmission of trauma from parent to child. Maus records the testimony of Spiegelman’s survivor father’s experiences in hiding in Poland and in Auschwitz and Dachau, as well as the process of this testimony and the conflicted relationship between father and son. Fun Home’s traumatic history centres on Bechdel’s artistically ambitious father’s closeted affairs with teenage boys, and his overbearing influence on her own artistry and queer sexuality. This thesis tracks the narrative and graphic registration of trauma in these two memoirs, through their use of archival materials, consideration of the ethical problems of the representation of extremity and history, and treatment of narrative time.</p>

A ‘Stain on Silence’: The Registration of Trauma in the Comics Memoirs of Alison Bechdel and Art Spiegelman

<p>The value of comics as a medium for serious literary expression, despite growing popularity and recognition, is still contested. Two of the most successful examples of the medium, Art Spiegelman’s Maus (1986 & 1992) and Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home (2006), use differing and similar strategies to narrate the transmission of trauma from parent to child. Maus records the testimony of Spiegelman’s survivor father’s experiences in hiding in Poland and in Auschwitz and Dachau, as well as the process of this testimony and the conflicted relationship between father and son. Fun Home’s traumatic history centres on Bechdel’s artistically ambitious father’s closeted affairs with teenage boys, and his overbearing influence on her own artistry and queer sexuality. This thesis tracks the narrative and graphic registration of trauma in these two memoirs, through their use of archival materials, consideration of the ethical problems of the representation of extremity and history, and treatment of narrative time.</p>

Lyricism and Happiness in the Autobiographical Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

<p>One aspect of Rousseau's prose style, not only in La Nouvelle Heloise but also in the autobiographical writings, particularly the Confessions and the Reveries du promeneur solitaire, is his lyricism. While Rousseau's lyricism has always been generally recognized it has rarely been given detailed examination, especially in the case of the autobiographical works. In this thesis, therefore, a detailed study of lyrical passages in Rousseau's autobiographical writings is undertaken. This analysis is linked to the theme of happiness, which is usually related in some way to Rousseau's lyricism. The first chapter of Part One of this study considers, the nature of lyricism in relation to literary expression in poetry and in prose, and also briefly surveys lyrical prose before Rousseau. Then Rousseau's potential for lyrical expression, as so far defined, is studied. As Rousseau's lyricism is to be analysed within the framework of happiness, the role of happiness in his life and works is considered in Chapter III. Part Two, namely Chapters IV to VII inclusive, consists of an examination of lyrical passages connected with happiness in Rousseau's autobiographical Writings. The subdivisions of happiness in the different chapters into absence of happiness, wishful thinking, happiness in personal relationships and happiness associated with nature respectively, are to be regarded as no more than a convenient framework for stylistic analysis. The aim of the thesis is to discover, in the course of analysing these lyrical passages, in what manner and with what effect certain feelings and reflections are expressed; to show what characterizes his lyrical suppleness and what is responsible for his melodiousness; to discover what features of, style are, variously, characteristics, special, unexpected or even disappointing, whether at one time or more generally in Rousseau's lyrical expression.</p>

Lyricism and Happiness in the Autobiographical Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

<p>One aspect of Rousseau's prose style, not only in La Nouvelle Heloise but also in the autobiographical writings, particularly the Confessions and the Reveries du promeneur solitaire, is his lyricism. While Rousseau's lyricism has always been generally recognized it has rarely been given detailed examination, especially in the case of the autobiographical works. In this thesis, therefore, a detailed study of lyrical passages in Rousseau's autobiographical writings is undertaken. This analysis is linked to the theme of happiness, which is usually related in some way to Rousseau's lyricism. The first chapter of Part One of this study considers, the nature of lyricism in relation to literary expression in poetry and in prose, and also briefly surveys lyrical prose before Rousseau. Then Rousseau's potential for lyrical expression, as so far defined, is studied. As Rousseau's lyricism is to be analysed within the framework of happiness, the role of happiness in his life and works is considered in Chapter III. Part Two, namely Chapters IV to VII inclusive, consists of an examination of lyrical passages connected with happiness in Rousseau's autobiographical Writings. The subdivisions of happiness in the different chapters into absence of happiness, wishful thinking, happiness in personal relationships and happiness associated with nature respectively, are to be regarded as no more than a convenient framework for stylistic analysis. The aim of the thesis is to discover, in the course of analysing these lyrical passages, in what manner and with what effect certain feelings and reflections are expressed; to show what characterizes his lyrical suppleness and what is responsible for his melodiousness; to discover what features of, style are, variously, characteristics, special, unexpected or even disappointing, whether at one time or more generally in Rousseau's lyrical expression.</p>

Introduction: The Twenty-First Century Vittoria Colonna

Although—unusually, for an early modern woman writer—Vittoria Colonna has long been considered part of the canon, several factors have inhibited a true appreciation of her importance as a literary innovator and model. The current critical moment is conducive to a re-examination of her significance, in the light of recent research on the early modern Italian tradition of women’s writing, on the Catholic Reform movement and its literary expression, and on developments in Italian literature in the last four decades of the sixteenth century. Consideration of these factors reveal Colonna as a figure of wide-reaching influence in her time and a powerful shaping influence on later traditions of Italian literature, in the late Renaissance and beyond.

О НЕКИМ ОРТОГРАФСКИМ ОДЛИКАМА ПИСАНЕ ГРАЂЕ ИЗ 19. ВИЈЕКА (ИЛУСТРАЦИЈЕ И КОМЕНТАРИ) / ON SOME ORTHOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WRITTEN MATERIAL FROM THE 19TH CENTURY (ILLUSTRATIONS AND COMMENTS)

One hundred and seventy years after the death of Petar II Petrovic Njegos, and one hundred and ninety years since he was elected as the head of the Montenegrin state, and, therefore, since the establishment of the Montenegrin Senate, are all the reasons and an important occasion for returning to the written material of the Montenegrin Senate in this paper. The paper is part of a broader linguistic analysis of the documentation of the central and highest state authority in 19th -century Montenegro. It represents an orthographic analysis of the original documents of the Montenegrin Senate (formed at the beginning of the rule of Njegos – 1831) – both as the addresser and the addressee. Specifically, we followed the written reflection of consonant contacts at the morpheme boundaries within words, as well as consonant contacts at the junctions of individual words. Given the number of correspondents of the epistolary communication of the Montenegrin Senate, our analysis reveals the segments of collective orthographic practice from that period in Montenegro. The conclusions about the collective orthographic practice of one period are based on the process of monitoring the spelling procedures of individuals of different literacy levels. In spite of their limitations and, therefore, the limitations of the analysis, it provided the material that helped us discern a collective orthographic trait – a considerable inconsistency in the orthography of consonant groups at the morpheme boundaries within words and relative stability in their orthography at the junction of individual words: in the orthography of consonant groups at the morpheme boundaries within words, two ways of writing are dominant – morphological and phonological, while in the orthography of consonant groups at the junctions of separate words, the morphological principle is mostly established. The same type of orthographic instability was mainly characteristic of the literary expression of the 19th century. This is observable in the comparison of the recorded situation with the data about the orthography of Njegos and with the data on the orthographic procedures of other writers of the time in Montenegro.

The Problem-Solution Approach to Study Indonesian Literatures in a Global Context

This study was aimed to describe the problems of learning literature and offered the solutions that were expected to overcome the problems of learning Indonesian literature in schools in a global context. This study used a qualitative approach and contextual methods through a literature study. The results of this study indicated that only through continuous efforts the problems of literary learning could be realized as follows: Students were needed to be guided to know literature in a fun way and instill longing. Students read literary works directly, not summaries or reviews. Students were given the freedom to convey various interpretations in discussing literary works. Every opinion or achievement of student work was given an award. The portion of literary appreciation must be prioritized in literary learning. Knowledge of theory, definition and literary history was sufficient to serve as secondary information when discussing literary works. Reading and writing skills were closely related to learning to appreciate literature. Literary appreciation began with reading activities, while literary expression was related to writing literary works. Thus, literacy development through literary learning in the form of reading habits and writing skills in turn was able to form a strong generation and can compete in a global life that was full of challenges.