Further Objections

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
C. A. J. Coady
Keyword(s):  
Ancillary Benefits ◽  
Broad Category ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts

Chapter 2 discusses objections to the definition of terrorism from Chapter 1 that criticize it for being either too narrow or too broad. The narrowness criticisms object that (a) there are terrorist acts that target combatants, (b) there are terrorist acts that do not involve a political motive, such as certain criminal or religious acts, and (c) some non-intentional violence afflicting non-combatants should be encompassed by the definition. The “too broad” category of objections argues that (a) the tactical definition should include an ingredient of intentionally provoking fear, (b) the definition’s encompassing terrorist acts by states is mistaken, (c) including non-combatant property in the definition is mistaken, and (d) this approach simply defines terrorist acts as murder and loses what is distinctive of such acts. These objections are criticized and rejected for the most part, though some elicit concessional comments about their possible ancillary benefits in relation to the preferred tactical definition.

Shaping a Concept of Terrorist Acts

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-32
Author(s):  
C. A. J. Coady
Keyword(s):  
Central Core ◽  
Suitable Sense ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
Political Act ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Conceptual Confusion

Chapter 1 is concerned with bringing some clarity to the widespread conceptual confusion around what terms like “terrorist,” “terrorist act,” and “terrorism” mean. Without being too rigid about definition, it is important to operate with some agreed definitional clarity in the area. The chapter defends the value of such a definitional enterprise and then provides what it calls a tactical definition of a terrorist act that aims to capture a central core involved in talk about terrorism, and opens discussion of terrorist acts to cogent moral assessment. The author’s definition of a terrorist act is: “A political act, ordinarily committed or inspired by an organized group, in which violence is intentionally directed at non-combatants (or ‘innocents’ in a suitable sense) or their significant property, in order to cause them serious harm.” The rest of the chapter discusses advantages of the definition and criticizes a number of objections to it.

Bernstein’s Philosophy and the Language of Jazz

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-44
Author(s):  
Katherine Baber
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Unanswered Question ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Musical Meaning ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Musical Identity ◽  
Musical Thinking ◽  
Definition Of

Chapter 1 looks at Bernstein’s writings on musical meaning, national style, and jazz to reveal the philosophy behind his use of jazz and its significance as a part of his long-term project to define American musical identity. A definition of the jazz idiom, according to Bernstein’s understanding, is interwoven with three important strands of Bernstein’s musical thinking: the primacy of tonality, the value of music as a unique form of human communication, and the formation of national identity in music. The chapter focuses particularly on Bernstein’s Harvard honors thesis, the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures (published as The Unanswered Question), and The Joy of Music.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Westwood ◽  
Beth Laura O’Leary ◽  
Milford Wayne Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Historic Preservation ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of “importance” and historic preservation at a high-level and explains the biographies of each of the authors. The included chapter outline also provides an overview of the scope and content of the book. This chapter begins with an overview and definition of human culture, and how it has changed over time. The concepts of archaeology and space archaeology are introduced within the context of place-based historic preservation and Apollo culture.

The Event and Democracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Mukulika Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Manchester School ◽  
Key Events

Chapter 1 examines the significance of India’s constitution as both a democracy and a republic and the force of B. R. Ambedkar’s ideas on the necessity for “democracy in social life” alongside the institutions of formal democracy. It is the first study that draws attention to India’s credentials as a republic as a way of understanding its democracy. The chapter introduces the site of this study and the linkages between agrarian and democratic values. Methodologically, it shows the importance of using the approaches of the Manchester School in India (hitherto unexplored) and the value this adds to our definition of what constitutes “the political.” Here, “the political” contains both agonistic and competitive tendencies on the one hand, but also reparative and cooperative impulsions. The methodology of this book, of studying electoral and non-electoral social life alongside each other, and the four key “events” of the book are also explained.

Making Decisions as A Student: Decision-Making Opportunities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nursing Education ◽  
Clinical Reasoning ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Leadership Management ◽  
Professional Body ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This chapter introduces the underlying principles of decision making. You will be encouraged to consider decision making as a student in university together with decision making as a student nurse (see Chapter 1 ). In 2010, following a review of pre-registration nursing education, the professional body for nursing in the United Kingdom, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), published new Standards for Pre-Registration Nursing Education , including competencies that all students must achieve to qualify as a registered nurse. These competencies have to be met in four broad areas known as ‘domains’. 1. Professional values 2. Communication and interpersonal skills 3. Nursing practice and decision making 4. Leadership, management, and team working You will find reference to these domains throughout the book, and there will be an opportunity to learn how the competencies in each of these that relate to decision making can be linked to your clinical and university-based learning. There are a number of terms that can be found in the literature that are often used interchangeably; you may see terms such as ‘decision making’, ‘problem solving’, ‘clinical reasoning’ or ‘clinical judgement’, and others used when writers are discussing how and why nurses respond to clinical situations in a particular way (see Chapter 1 for more detail). For example, Levett-Jones et al. (2010: 515) provide a helpful definition of clinical reasoning as ‘the process by which nurses collect cues, process the information, come to an understanding of a patient problem or situation, plan and implement interventions, evaluate outcomes, and reflect on and learn from the process’. They also emphasize that a nurse’s ability to develop these clinical reasoning skills depends on what they term as ‘five rights’—that is, the nurse’s ability ‘to collect the right cues and to take the right action for the right patient at the right time and for the right reason’. In the context of ensuring that any patient receives the best possible care, these ‘five rights’ are very appropriate, and indeed if one were to fail to pick up on the right cues and to take the appropriate actions in many clinical situations, the outcome may have serious repercussions for the nurse and the patient.

Developmental Perspectives on Decision Making and Action in Environments

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Hart ◽  
Michael K. Conn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Psychology ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Task Definition ◽  
Environmental Cognition ◽  
Human Relatedness ◽  
Dominant Tendency ◽  
Definition Of

The task we have been set is to review developmental theory concerning how individuals act in real-world environments. To simplify this difficult task we have emphasized the developmental span of childhood, the area of our professional expertise. Before proceeding with the review, a few comments regarding the framework of this book and, within it, the definition of our task will enable us to illuminate some of the assumptions inherent in the structure of this volume and to explain how this has affected our conceptualization of the problem. The stated goal of this book is to look at the separate areas of human relatedness to the environment that are recognized by “most research in environmental psychology”: environmental cognition, environmental appraisal and decision making, and action in environments (see Table 1.1 in Chapter 1 of this volume). We agree that although such a separation of cognition and evaluation from action is a reflection of the dominant tendency of research, it is true of only some theories. To accept this division and to discuss primarily action would prevent us from emphasizing those theorists who have argued that human relatedness to the environment must be thought of holistically and dynamically. Consequently, although we have tried to emphasize action, this chapter actually deals simultaneously with cognition and appraisal. The question of why more integrative and holistic theories have been largely ignored is itself important. We argue that the answer lies in a fear by psychologists of such research because it cannot easily meet the traditional tenets of what constitutes good theory—building through experimental research design. A second problem in the task definition is the use of the word “space.” We should not simply be addressing “spatial decisions and actions” but environmental decisions and actions. In the field of environmental psychology the terms “space” and “environment” are commonly used synonymously. We think of space as just one characteristic of objects in the environment. Unfortunately, space is the characteristic that most environmental cognition research has addressed. This is somewhat understandable, for environmental psychology finds its distinctiveness in the study of the large-scale environment in which space (spatial relatedness) is the most distinguishing variable.

Introduction to Counseling Psychology and to the Current Volume

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Jairo N. Fuertes ◽  
Arnold R. Spokane ◽  
Elizabeth Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Web

Chapter 1 provides a formal definition of counseling psychology, citing various though similar definitions that are found on the Web sites of professional organizations, including the Society of Counseling Psychology (Division 17 of the American Psychological Association) and the American Board of Counseling Psychology (the certifying board for counseling psychologists in the United States and Canada). It also offers five unifying themes whose interplay and complementary nature distinguish counseling psychology from other psychological specialties, the uniqueness of counseling psychology, a brief history of the specialty, the culture of competence, and the founding of the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP).

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