Conclusion

The Border ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 208-226
Author(s):  
Martin A. Schain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Control ◽  
The West ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Southern Border

This concluding chapter focuses on both what is meant by the idea that the border is back, and how this has come about. The new focus on the border has evolved in a context of important, and seemingly successful, efforts of international cooperation toward the removal of barriers to trade and the movement of people on both sides of the Atlantic. The shift toward harder controls at the border has been driven by the emergence of new radical right movements and political parties on both sides of the Atlantic. Borders are closing not because of economic protectionism, but as a result of conflicting commitments of liberal democracies: rights and treaty-based immigration is running up against growing support for a reinforcement of national identity and border control. Although there has consistently been significant opposition to immigration in the West, the increase in rights-based immigration on the borders of Europe and on the southern border of the United States has given this opposition political traction. In the context of electoral politics, political parties have driven border issues as political priorities. Identity has trumped trade as a priority issue.

4. A Constabulary Navy

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Border

After 1820, the day-to-day duties of the United States Navy involved dealing with smugglers, pirates, and the illegal slave trade and so deploying the large ships of the line was deemed unnecessary. Also, the successful completion of treaties with both England and Spain demilitarized the Great Lakes and stabilized the country’s southern border, easing concerns about a future foreign war. ‘A constabulary navy: pirates, slavers, and manifest destiny (1820–1850)’ describes the peacetime navy activities carried out by small squadrons of sloops and schooners acting as a constabulary force on distant stations abroad, mainly in the Mediterranean, but also in the West Indies, off Africa, in the Pacific, off Brazil, and in the East.

Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Erikson ◽  
Gerald C. Wright ◽  
John P. McIver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Party Control ◽  
True State

When comparing states in the United States, one finds little correlation between state opinion and party control of the state legislature or between party control and state policy. Although these low correlations seeming to indicate that partisan politics is irrelevant to the representation process, the opposite is true. State opinion influences the ideological positions of state parties, and parties' responsiveness to state opinion helps to determine their electoral success. Moreover, parties move toward the center once in office. For these reasons, state electoral politics is largely responsible for the correlation between state opinion and state policy.

Gender and Elections

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Voter Participation ◽  
Depth Analysis

The fifth edition of Gender and Elections offers a lively, multi-faceted account of the role of gender in the electoral process through the 2020 elections. This timely yet enduring volume strikes a balance between highlighting the most important developments for women as voters and candidates in the 2020 elections and providing an in-depth analysis of the ways that gender has helped shape the contours and outcomes of electoral politics in the United States. Individual chapters demonstrate the importance of gender in understanding presidential, congressional, and state elections; voter participation, turnout, and choices; participation of African American women and Latinas; support of political parties and women's organizations; and candidate communication. New chapters explore the role of social movements in elections and introduce concepts of gendered and raced institutions, intersectionality, and identity politics applied to presidential elections from past to present. The resulting volume is the most comprehensive and reliable resource on the role of gender in electoral politics.

Where It All Went Wrong

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-118
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hoy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Order ◽  
Border Control ◽  
The West ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
New Ideas

Violence across the Prairies helped to develop new ideas about border control and made them possible. Canadian and American conceptions of territory required erasing all other pre-existing forms of territorial organization. That process relied on a kind of violence and suffering that occurred in parallel to warfare. Erasure of Lakota, Dakota, Cree, and Métis boundaries became possible as famine, drought, deprivation, and demographic disruption forged a new order across the West. In the span of only a few decades, the geopolitics of thousands of miles of territory shifted. In 1874, Canada and the United States had just finished surveying and placing boundary markers across the Plains. Less than two decades later, the Canada–US border had become one of the most significant boundaries in the region.

The anatomy of controversy, from Charlottesville to Rome

Modern Italy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Arthurs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Identity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Memory Politics ◽  
Recent Memory ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée

This article compares two recent memory controversies in the United States and Italy – the removal of the Robert E. Lee statue in Charlottesville, Virginia and theLegge Fiano,the abortive ban on Fascist propaganda proposed by Emanuele Fiano and the Partito Democratico – in order to identify a common set of challenges now confronting liberal democracies on both sides of the Atlantic. While acknowledging thelongue duréeof memory politics surrounding the Confederacy and Fascism respectively, the article argues that disputes over their monuments and symbols must also be situated in terms of contemporary debates over national identity, race, populism, citizenship and speech.

Book Reviews

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 904-908
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Business School ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alexander Hamilton ◽  
The West ◽  
Robert Morris ◽  
Useful Life

Explores the contributions of Alexander Hamilton, Albert Gallatin, and other immigrants to finance in the early United States and to the economic potential of the American national future. Discusses St. Croix and trauma for Hamilton; New York and promise; war and heroism; love and social status; the roots of Hamilton's thinking; Robert Morris, Hamilton, and finance; the Constitution; new government and old debt; the fight over the debt; the Bank of the United States; diversifying the economy; tensions and political parties; the decline; the duel; Gallatin choosing the New World; moving to the West; entering politics; becoming Jeffersonian; the climb to power; debt, armaments, and Louisiana; developing the West; embargo and frustration; dispiriting diplomacy; the fate of the bank; financing the wayward war; winning the peace; Gallatin's long and useful life; immigrant exceptionalism; comparisons and contingencies; capitalism and credit; and the political economy of Hamilton and Gallatin. McCraw is Straus Professor of Business History Emeritus at Harvard Business School.

The Politics of Border Control in the United States

The Border ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 177-207
Author(s):  
Martin A. Schain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
The Us ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
Perverse Effect

This chapter analyzes the shift in border policy in the United States. The shift evolved with what was framed as the surge of undocumented immigration after 1980, and the securitization of what had been a circulation of workers from Mexico to and from the United States. The perception of failure of immigration policy emerged not from a widespread reaction to a sense of failed integration, as in Europe, but to the increased political focus on the growth of the population of undocumented immigrants. The progressive reinforcement of the border, particularly after 1992, had the perverse effect of providing an incentive for migrants to remain on the US side in larger numbers than ever before. The growth of the undocumented population weighed on the political process in three ways. First, it fed a growing perception of failure of the adequacy of southern border controls. Second, as the issue of the border became politicized, it began to undermine stable understandings of policy within the policy network on immigration. Third, the border became a growing focus for intra- and interpolitical party conflict, and was accelerated by federal dynamics.

Mafias on the Move

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
At Will

Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.

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