Memory Surrounding a Mausoleum: Transforming Spain’s Valley of the Fallen Into a Site of Conscience

Francisco Franco announced the construction of the Valley of the Fallen in 1940, a year following the end of the Spanish Civil War, and incorporated overt iconography that honored the struggle of Nationalists without memorializing the Republican victims during this war. This memorial distinguished the names of two fascist leaders, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera and Franco, buried in the center of the basilica in 1959 and 1975, respectively. However, this site, as of June 2021, has failed to acknowledge the over 33,000 victims, both Nationalists and Republicans, interred in this site, many of whom remain unidentified. The signification of the Valley of the Fallen has transformed since the turn of the 21st century due to recent memory practices that increasingly commemorate Republican victims of the Spanish Civil War. This article illustrates how the persistence of memory and counter-memory practices have shifted the meaning of the Valley of the Fallen, creating a site of conscience through changes affecting place and space, particularly in light of Franco’s legacy.

States of conception: Renegotiating the mnemonic order amid crisis

A memory breach is an action, statement, or sociopolitical crisis that calls into dispute the mnemonic order, which is defined as an underlying orientation toward the past that serves to justify the political order and social order within a society. Following a memory breach, the society enters a “state of conception.” Related to the “state of exception” commonly associated with political crisis, the state of conception is a liminal space that follows a memory breach in which a society reexamines the mnemonic order. This article examines three recent memory breaches in Argentina, Germany, and the United States. By comparing three different breaches, each with different outcomes, it offers a framework for understanding memory breaches and the states of conception that they produce.

Editorial: A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System—Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection

The emergence of the SARS-CoV virus in December 2019 saw the beginning of an unprecedented pandemic that represents the most significant public health problem in recent memory [...]

The Populations' Resilience Toward the Policymaking Discrepancies in the Pandemic Covid-19 Period

The world is in the midst of a crisis unlike any other in recent memory. COVID-19 is a pandemic that is urgent, global in scope, and has huge consequences. The policy sciences provide insights into unfolding trends, and this article uses the lessons of the literature to better understanding the policymaking shifts and population acceptability of COVID-19. The author attempts to investigate how policymakers' emotions and narratives affect policy decisions and form policymaker-population relationships. The author addresses policymaking processes, transitions, interpretations of policy responses, policy implementation through multilateral topics and evaluating policy progress and failure. Trust is linked to cultural norms, values, and faiths in policy literature, and it is seen as a component of key social and economic policy outcomes. The author ends by identifying understudied facets of policymaking that need to be addressed during pandemics.

The Emergence of Early Disposition Procedures in International Arbitration

International arbitral institutions have begun adding early disposition procedures to their rules. This began as a trickle in 2006 when the ICDR became the first institution to add an early disposition rule. It has turned into a flood, with seven major institutions adding procedures in the past five years. There are important differences among the early disposition procedures adopted by various institutions, but those procedures share certain characteristics. They generally impose a high standard of review that must be satisfied to obtain early disposition. Further, many institutions’ procedures are limited in the types of issues that can be raised and the time within which an application for early disposition must be made and disposed of. The absence of early disposition procedures has long been a weakness of international arbitration. The advent of these procedures is one of the most significant shifts in international arbitration procedure in recent memory. This article charts the emergence to early disposition procedures and the arguments for and against them. It reviews the procedures adopted to date and compares them with one another. Finally, it concludes with some reflections on current early disposition procedures and ideas for their further development.

The Fading Pipeline: Preparing the Next Generation of Weapons Inspectors

Over the past four decades, the most prolific time in recent memory for the negotiation and implementation of arms control treaties, a cadre of expertise was developed that enabled weapons inspections. Yet the pipeline for educating and developing rising generations to perform such inspections is now running dry, particularly outside of the United States and Europe. In this essay, I argue that we must invigorate efforts to develop and maintain that pipeline. I identify historical sources of expertise in the field of arms control and describe the obstacles that we face in maintaining them. I conclude by offering potential solutions to this problem, arguing that it is time to revitalize platforms for supporting cross-domain, cross-regional, and multi-generational nonproliferation experience and learning opportunities.

Left Hippocampus to Anterior Cingulate Cortex Connectivity Correlates with Worse Recent Verbal Memory in Pornography Addicted Juveniles

ABSTRACTBackground and aimsImperil by the convenience of information and knowledge access, children exposed to pornography have worsened. As such, this study aims to gain insight into brain connectivity and cognitive function effect of pornography addiction in juveniles, as the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to specifically learn about memory function in juvenile’s pornography addiction.MethodsWe screened 30 juveniles with 4 dropouts (13 non-addiction vs 13 addiction group). Subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests (memory, attention, and intelligence) and fMRI image acquisition. We carried correlation analysis of brain connectivity and neuropsychiatric test results.ResultsSignificant disconnection between left hippocampus to ACC (Z-transformed r-value, non-addiction vs addiction = 0.07 ± 0.19 vs −0.08 ± 0.17, p=0.04, cohen d=0.83) followed by worse verbal recent memory in pornography addicted juveniles (RAVLT A6 sub-score, p < 0.01, d=0.67; A7 sub-score, p=0.01). Attention and intelligence test resulted to insignificant correlation.DiscussionThis data-driven analysis result strongly promotes the involvement of cortico-subcortical systems in pornography addiction, emphasizing the role of reward system pathology, indifferent to addiction pathophysiology in general. Decline in working memory, which are maintained by corticolimbic network, including hippocampus and ACC, affects goal-oriented behaviour greatly. This, correspond to our significant result of addiction group’s decline in memory, regardless of its association with attention and intelligence.ConclusionDisconnection between left hippocampus to ACC suggested similar neurobiological abnormalities as seen on other addictive disorders. Its disconnection was also correlated with worse verbal recent memory in pornography addicted juveniles, without affecting attention and intelligence, results showed.

University Performance Satisfaction: A Student Experience in the Philippines

Student satisfaction is a factor to consider for a University in estimating its productivity and adequacy. It impacts not just how much an understudy appreciates time at college yet also estimates scholastic execution. This examination assesses the degree of understudy satisfaction in a College. The investigation respondents were the 183 understudies from the University of Cebu Lapu and Mandaue utilizing descriptive technique on simple random inspecting. The examination uncovered that most understudies were happy with the nature of schooling, current scholarly encounters, and understudy administrations. It was presumed that although general understandings were fulfilled, an area for development is still evident. Besides, to guarantee the greatest satisfaction, the division instructors must not lose sight of reasonable incentives for nonstop quality schooling improvement endeavors. The college must give an opportunity to emphatically vie for candidates and take care of inquiries quicker than any time in recent memory through an enlistment framework, installment framework, and the accessibility of web-based media augmentation for understudy concerns.