Cognitive Sociology

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Eviatar Zerubavel
Keyword(s):  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Ludwik Fleck ◽  
Cognitive Sociology ◽  
Karl Mannheim ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Thought Communities ◽  
The Way

Following in the rich intellectual footsteps of Emile Durkheim, Karl Mannheim, Alfred Schutz, and Ludwik Fleck, this chapter lays out the foundations for the sociology of thinking, or “cognitive sociology.” Focusing on the impersonal, normative, and conventional dimensions of the way we think (and, as such, on its distinctness from both cognitive individualism and universalism), it highlights the distinctly sociological concern with intersubjectivity as well as epistemic commitment to the study of thought communities, cognitive traditions, cognitive norms, cognitive socialization, cognitive conventions, and the politics of cognition.

scholarly journals El problema de la “realidad” en el marco de la influencia Hispánica en la obra de Alfred Schutz

2021 ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Carlos Belvedere
Keyword(s):  
Don Quixote ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pragmatic Dimension ◽  
The Way

En este trabajo paso revista a las diferentes acepciones del concepto de realidad en la obra de Alfred Schutz y las tensiones que lo surcan. Así es que describo una dimensión pragmatista de la realidad, y muestro cómo ella entra en contradicción con una idea marcadamente realista y objetivista. En este contexto, la obra de Schutz se presenta como atravesada por una tensión irresuelta en tres frentes problemáticos: realismo –constructivismo; egología– intersubjetividad; relativismo– fundacionalismo. La intrepretación schutziana del Quijote ilustra magníficamente de qué modo operan estas contradicciones. Al respecto, si bien Schutz se siente cercano a la exégesis de Ortega y Gasset, argumentamos que su Quijote es más afín al de Unamuno. Otra diferencia sustancial que lo distancia de Ortega, a pesar del profundo respeto que sentía por él, es el modo en que ambos cuestionan concepciones colectivistas de lo social como la de Durkheim: Schutz considera que lo social es abstracto y, por ende, irreal, mientras que Ortega lo concibe como una realidad sustituta. Además, Schutz piensa que lo social se enfrenta al individuo, mientras que Ortega muestra que se contrapone a la interacción.In my paper I review the different meanings of the concept of reality in the work of Alfred Schutz and the tensions that cross it. I describe a pragmatic dimension of reality and then I show how it clashes with an idea re-markably realistic and objectivist. In this con-text, Schutz's work is presented as crossed by an unresolved tension on three fronts: realism – constructivism; egology - intersubjectivity; relativism - foundationalism. The Schutzian intrepretación of Don Quixote superbly illustrates how these contradictions operate. In this regard, although Schutz felt close to the exegesis of Ortega y Gasset, I argue that his Quixote is more akin to that of Unamuno. Another substantial difference with Ortega, despite the deep respect Schutz had for him, is the way in which both challenge collectivist social concepts like Durkheim’s: Schutz considered that the social is abstract and therefore unreal, while Ortega conceived it as a substitute reality. Also, Schutz thinks that the social is opposed to the individual while Ortega shows that it opposes interaction.

scholarly journals Wissenssoziologische Organisationsforschung

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-98
Author(s):  
Carolin Säugling
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Karl Mannheim ◽  
Auguste Comte ◽  
Alfred Schütz

ZusammenfassungKapitel 2 behandelt die wissenssoziologische Organisationsforschung als den theoretischen Bezugsrahmen der umgesetzten empirischen Untersuchung. Jeweils in mehreren Etappen wird Wissen zum einen in der Wissenssoziologie betrachtet, zum anderen in der Organisationsforschung beleuchtet. So entsteht zunächst ein Überblick über die wissenssoziologische Entwicklung von deren Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart, im Hinblick auf die Fragestellung dieser Studie und daher auch nicht durchgehend chronologisch. Zu Beginn geht es um Wissen, das auf Ideologien beruht oder durch diese erzeugt wird. Wesentliches in diesem Kontext zu behandelndes Gedankengut entstammt der Arbeit von Karl Mannheim. Es folgt ein Sprung in die entgegengesetzte Art der Wissenserzeugung, nämlich diejenige durch Wissenschaft. Zum einen wird auf die Ideologiekritik, die die Aufklärung hervorgebracht hat, eingegangen; zum anderen werden positivistische Konzeptionen, wie sie Auguste Comte begründet hat, in den Fokus der Betrachtung gerückt. Daraufhin richtet sich der Blick auf die klassische Wissenssoziologie der Moderne, welche anhand der Theorie von Max Weber vorgestellt wird. In der wissenssoziologischen Entwicklung folgt dann bereits die Gegenwart, die hier in ihrer sozialkonstruktivistischen Perspektive thematisiert wird: Überlegungen von Alfred Schütz, das Werk von Peter L. Berger und Thomas Luckmann und auch die derzeitige Wissenssoziologie anhand eines Aufsatzes von Oliver Dimbath und Reiner Keller. Ein Exkurs über Wissenskulturen schließt dabei einen ersten Block und leitet zugleich über in den zweiten. Dieser betrachtet Wissen aus dem Blickwinkel der Organisationsforschung. Anfangs steht die theoretische Perspektive auf Organisationen als Gegenstand der Soziologie, um daraufhin in theoretischer Hinsicht Wissen sowohl innerhalb von Organisationen zu bestimmen als auch die organisationale Wissensgenese im Vorfeld deren empirischer Untersuchung zu thematisieren. Sodann nimmt die Studie Bezug zu ihrem Fallbeispiel, indem sie zum einen das Kundenwissen als eine für die deutsche Automobilindustrie relevante Wissensart darlegt und zum anderen auf die Marktforschung als deren üblichen Weg der Wissensgenese eingeht. Ein Exkurs zu Wissensmanagement rundet das Kapitel ab.

scholarly journals A Multidimensionalidade do Habitus e a Construção de Tipos Praxiológica

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Ralf Bonhsack
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Karl Mannheim ◽  
Alfred Schütz

Nas Ciências Sociais, no âmbito da interpretação das ações, encontram-se basicamente dois caminhos metodológicos. O primeiro se baseia na imputação de intenções subjetivas e na construção de motivos, sendo desenvolvido por Alfred Schütz, fundador da Fenomenologia Social, em conexão com a Sociologia Interpretativa de Max Weber. Trata-se, neste caso, de uma re-construção (construção de segundo grau), de uma interpretação e teorização feitas da mesma forma que as efetuamos no cotidiano, no senso comum, ou seja, de construção de motivos e de tipos (construção de primeiro grau). Diferentemente de uma re-construção desta construção de tipos do senso comum, o segundo caminho, aquele da construção de tipos praxiológica, transcende a teorização e a interpretação do senso comum e busca pelas estruturas da praxis dos atores no campo de pesquisa, por seus modus operandi, habitus ou estruturas de orientação. O foco da interpretação são as práticas incorporadas e o saber ateórico ou implícito que guia as ações. Aqui estabelecemos uma conexão com a Sociologia do Conhecimento de Karl Mannheim e seu método documentário, bem como com a teoria do habitus de Pierre Bourdieu. Com base no método documentário, desenvolvemos uma metodologia prática de pesquisa de interpretação e de construção de tipos. Esquivamo-nos, desta forma, da interpretação de caso único, enfatizando o trabalho com base na análise comparativa e extraindo o sistema de orientação (tipificação de sentido). Procuramos em que condições ou espaços de experiência (de formas específicas de acordo com o milieu, geração, gênero, etc), as orientações ou habitus tipificados são formados (tipificação sócio-genética). Trata-se finalmente de identificar a sobreposição de diferentes espaços de experiência, e, portanto, a multidimensionalidade das (géneses das) orientações e habitus (tipificação multidimensional). A tipificação sócio-genética contribui para a solução do problema da generalização na pesquisa social qualitativa.

scholarly journals Ludwik Fleck, Alfred Schutz, and Trust in Science: The Public Responsibility of Science Education in Challenging Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-72
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Olesko
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Ludwik Fleck ◽  
The Public ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Responsibility ◽  
Alfred Schütz

AbstractLudwik Fleck and Alfred Schutz each wrote groundbreaking treatises in the 1930s that laid the foundation for their views on the role of science education in establishing trust in science. This essay examines how science education was for Fleck explicitly and for Schutz implicitly a crucial site for understanding the social dimensions of knowledge, for understanding how layers of knowledge are socially distributed among groups, and for conceptualizing how different cognitive groups, from experts to laypersons—communicate with one another in a democratic exchange of information. Their vision of the role of science education in establishing trust is particularly appropriate for addressing contemporary challenges to science and its results.

scholarly journals Lebenswelt, Leiblichkeit und Resonanz: Eine raumphänomenologisch-rekonstruktive Perspektive auf Geographien der Alltäglichkeit

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Dörfler ◽  
Eberhard Rothfuß
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Life World ◽  
Geographical Research ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. This article aims to explore the potential of Alfred Schütz' sociological phenomenology for spatial phenomena and its integration into human geography. Although the influence and productivity of phenomenology in general could contribute significantly to shed light on spatial phenomena of the life-world, such as a progressive sense of place (Massey, 1993), transnationalities (Pries, 2001), socio-spatial atmospheres (Hasse, 2017), “home” and encounters (Seamon, 1979, 2014), enforced life(s) in refugee camps and others, it has never become a major strand of contemporary (German speaking) human geography. According to Hasse (2017) phenomenology has even remained almost absent in geographical research. In contrast to this proposition, the analytically endorsed and empirically examined theorems of phenomenology have recently been challenged by “post-phenomenology” and “non-representational theory”. These approaches raise – though both argumentatively and empirically unproven – their voice against pretended limitations of “classical” phenomenology in arguing with “imagined” limits of meaning and understanding. Irrespective of these developments, we would like to refer to the analytical and methodological stringency of approaches that arise from the rich tradition of phenomenology and emphasize their still largely untapped potential for human geography by suggesting a “Leib”-based approach rooted in reconstructive methodologies to analyse the various spatial phenomena of the life-world.

Alfred Schütz : une autre théorie de la pertinence et son application en traduction

Fachsprache ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Margarete Flöter-Durr ◽  
Thierry Grass
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
One Year

Despite the work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson (1989), the concept of relevance has not enjoyed the popularity it deserved among translators as it appears to be more productive in information science and sociology than in translation studies. The theory of relevance provides underpinnings of a unified account of translation proposed by Ernst-August Gutt. However, if the concept of relevance should take into account all parameters of legal translation, the approach should be pragmatic and not cognitive: The aim of a relevant translation is to produce a legal text in the target language which appears relevant to the lawyer in the target legal system, namely a text that can be used in the same way as the original source text. The legal translator works as a facilitator from one legal system into another and relevance is the core of this pragmatic approach which requires translation techniques like adaptation rather than through-translation or calque (in the terminology of Delisle/Lee-Jahnk/Cormier 1999). This contribution tries to show that relevance theory, which was developed in the field of sociology by Alfred Schütz, could also be applied to translation theory with the aim of producing a correct translation in a concrete situation. Some examples extracted from one year of the practice of an expert law translator (German-French) at the Court of Appeal in the Alsace region illustrate our claim and underpin an approach of legal translation and its heuristics that is both pragmatic and reflexive.

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