Key and Modulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 497-534
Author(s):  
Suzannah Clark
Keyword(s):  
Song Cycle ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Important Observation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

What harmonic features are involved when a musical passage, or a work, is in a particular key? How is balance achieved between modulations that reinforce the home key and those that supplant it altogether? The chapter starts by analyzing “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” the opening song in Robert Schumann’s song-cycle Dichterliebe. It considers the criteria for identifying keys and provides a brief history of the role of closure in the definition of key before discussing how composers move between keys and what kinds of key relations they choose. It then explores new theoretical insights on common-tone modulation, along with the issue of content versus cadence in determining degrees of certainty about the establishment of new internal keys. It also compares definitions of tonicization and modulation and concludes with an assessment of how key relations have been shaped into tonal spaces. An important observation—one that highlights the tension between contents and cadences—is that the presence or absence of a final cadence is commonly used to ascertain whether or not a key has been fully articulated. The chapter describes a range of scenarios of such tension as well as the views of various theorists and analysts regarding the relative importance of content versus cadence.

The Rise and Fall of the French Agences de l’Eau: From German-Type Subsidiarität to State Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard O. Barraqué ◽  
Patrick Laigneau ◽  
Rosa Maria Formiga-Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
State Control ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Administrative Elites

The Agences de l’eau (Water Agencies) are well known abroad as the French attempt to develop integrated water management at river basin scale through the implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). Yet, after 30 years of existence, environmental economists became aware that they were not implementing the PPP, and therefore were not aiming at reducing pollution through economic efficiency. Behind the purported success story, which still attracts visitors from abroad, a crisis has been recently growing. Initially based on the model of the German (rather than Dutch) waterboards, the French system always remained fragile and quasi-unconstitutional. It failed to choose between two legal, economic and institutional conceptions of river basin management. These principles differ on the definition of the PPP, and on the role of levies paid by water users. After presenting these two contrasting visions, the paper revisits the history of the French Agences, to show that, unwilling to modify the Constitution to make room for specific institutions to manage common pool resources, Parliament and administrative elites brought the system to levels of complexity and incoherence which might doom the experiment.

scholarly journals Gender and Rural History: A Roundtable

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cabana ◽  
Colin R. Johnson ◽  
Henry French ◽  
Leen Van Molle
Keyword(s):  
Rural History ◽  
Gender Category ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The aim of this debate article is to promote a discussion of a historiographical nature (not ideological, not political) about the meaning, place and role of gender in both the rural past and the rural historiography. The discussion revolves around a variety of questions, ranging from the relevance, the opportunity and the very history of the use of gender category in rural history, to the analysis of gender (im)balances in the community of historians working in this broadly defined field of studies, not to mention the very definition of what is meant by gender. These and other related topics, for which there are no single or definitive answers, are debated here in a roundtable format.

Brain Death

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupamaa Seshadri ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Apnea Test ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
Practice Parameters ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of “brain death” is one that has been controversial over time, requiring the development of clear guidelines to diagnose and give prognoses for patients after devastating neurologic injury. This review discusses the history of the definition of brain death, as well as the most recent guidelines and practice parameters on the determination of brain death in both the adult and pediatric populations. We provide specific and detailed instructions on the various clinical tests required, including the brain death neurologic examination and the apnea test, and discuss pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death. This review also considers the most recent literature and guidelines as to the role of confirmatory tests making this diagnosis.  Key Words: apnea test, brain death, brainstem reflex, death examination

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Late Modernity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter extends the book’s insights about nature, technology, and nation to the larger history of the modern period. While the modern nation loses its grip as a locus of identity and analysis, attempts to understand the operation, disruption, and collapse of continental and global infrastructures continue to mix the natural and the machinic in ways that define them both. Those vulnerabilities emphasize large-scale catastrophe; historiographically, they mask the crucial role of small-scale failures in the experience and culture of late modernity, including its definition of nature. Historical actors turned the uneven geographical distribution of small-scale failures into a marker of distinctive local natures and an element of regional and national identity. Attending to those failures helps not only situate cold-war technologies in the larger modern history of natural and machinic orders; it helps provincialize the superpowers by casting problematic “other” natures as central and primary.

scholarly journals The diverse lives of progenitors of hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernovae: the role of binary interaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 631 ◽  
pp. A5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanouil Zapartas ◽  
Selma E. de Mink ◽  
Stephen Justham ◽  
Nathan Smith ◽  
Alex de Koter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Stars ◽  
Binary Interaction ◽  
Core Collapse ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Population Synthesis ◽  
Binary Channel ◽  
History Of ◽  
Binary Channels

Hydrogen-rich supernovae, known as Type II (SNe II), are the most common class of explosions observed following the collapse of the core of massive stars. We used analytical estimates and population synthesis simulations to assess the fraction of SNe II progenitors that are expected to have exchanged mass with a companion prior to explosion. We estimate that 1/3 to 1/2 of SN II progenitors have a history of mass exchange with a binary companion before exploding. The dominant binary channels leading to SN II progenitors involve the merger of binary stars. Mergers are expected to produce a diversity of SN II progenitor characteristics, depending on the evolutionary timing and properties of the merger. Alternatively, SN II progenitors from interacting binaries may have accreted mass from their companion, and subsequently been ejected from the binary system after their companion exploded. We show that the overall fraction of SN II progenitors that are predicted to have experienced binary interaction is robust against the main physical uncertainties in our models. However, the relative importance of different binary evolutionary channels is affected by changing physical assumptions. We further discuss ways in which binarity might contribute to the observed diversity of SNe II by considering potential observational signatures arising from each binary channel. For supernovae which have a substantial H-rich envelope at explosion (i.e., excluding Type IIb SNe), a surviving non-compact companion would typically indicate that the supernova progenitor star was in a wide, non-interacting binary. We argue that a significant fraction of even Type II-P SNe are expected to have gained mass from a companion prior to explosion.

The Field of Project Management

2009 ◽  
pp. 10-28
Author(s):  
Matthew Guah
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Host Organization

By examining the history of what was earlier considered project management, this chapter not only points out lessons from past practices but also justifies the selected definition of VLITP. It also explains the role of project management in a fast business environment. The author has demonstrated such importance by representing VLITP in the form of a major initiative that contains a series of relevant processes in the host organization.

Inter-State Arbitration in Historical Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 842-873
Author(s):  
Alexis Keller
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Fourth Moment ◽  
International Dispute ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jay Treaty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
Inter State

This chapter identifies the principal moments when the definition of arbitration and the institutions and techniques associated with it underwent major changes. It specifically highlights inter-state arbitration, yet its proposed historical lessons illuminates the entire field of international dispute settlement. This history can be divided into five distinct moments. The first, which could be described as the ‘Greek moment’, refers to the systematic use of arbitration by Greek cities to resolve their conflicts. The second, covering the period between 1200 and 1400 ad, witnessed the emergence of the first arbitration procedures under the influence of canonical law and acknowledged the growing power of the popes in the settlement of disputes between states. The third, marked by the Jay Treaty of 1794, initiated a major turning point in the history of arbitration, as it confirmed the role of diplomatic commissions in the peaceful resolution of disputes. The fourth moment, which began with the Alabama case (1871), saw the establishment of the first impartial and independent tribunal. Finally, the fifth moment began with the setting up of the Permanent Arbitration Court in 1899 and the harmonization of arbitration procedures.

Anorexia Nervosa and Dysmorphobia

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sturmey ◽  
P. D. Slade
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
The Family ◽  
External Cues ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Control Behaviour

Anorexia nervosa is frequently associated with neurotic traits and symptoms. The symptomatology and history of a housebound 20-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa and dysmorphophobia are described. The role of the family In maintaining the problems, use of external cues to control behaviour, overvalued somatic ideas and the definition of dysmorphophobia are discussed.

Data Compilation, Analysis, and Access: The Role of the Computer

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Westbrook
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Experimental Observation ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Great Insight ◽  
History Of ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Definition Of

History is replete with examples of the enormous impact of data compilations in all fields of science and technology. The advantages and opportunities such aggregations confer include:• convenience of access,• condensation and homogenization of raw data,• formats tailored for the application,• perception of patterns,• detection of errors,• definition of gaps and inconsistencies, and• basis for formulating and testing theories.The opportunities in materials science, and specifically in the subfield of alloy design, are no fewer than in other fields of science. Indeed, as I have remarked in a review of the history of the development of understanding and application of intermetallic compounds, breakthroughs in this field have usually come about not from “a new technique, a unique experimental observation, or an abstruse theory… Rather it was the amassing of a critical volume of experimental data in the literature which permitted an individual with great insight to perceive an underlying pattern not previously apparent.”

Diplomats, Banana Cowboys, and Archaeologists in Western Honduras: A History of the Trade in Pre-Columbian Materials

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Luke
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Cultural Patrimony ◽  
Archaeological Ethics ◽  
Antiquities Market ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
The U.S

This paper explores access to the Honduran past with a focus on northwestern Honduras, particularly the Ulua Valley. The foundations of national patrimony legislation and the practice of collecting antiquities are used to explore whether the disassociation of the archaeological community from the collecting sphere over the last several decades has better protected the archaeological record. I argue that early field expeditions led by U.S. archaeologists, the shipment of their finds to U.S. institutions, and subsequent massive looting galvanized Honduran efforts aimed at national patrimony legislation. The roles of the U.S. government and U.S.-based businesses as negotiating bodies in the early days of Honduran expeditions from 1890 to 1940 are explored in detail, particularly in the sphere of opening up the region to collectors and the role of the U.S. antiquities market. We can understand the early days of collecting in Honduras precisely because of the close relationships once forged between collectors, museums, and archaeologists, networks that have now disappeared because of current conceptions of archaeological ethics. The changing definition of a collector represents a key point throughout this analysis; at one time archaeologists, museums, and businesses were the primary collectors. The shift from the labelcollectortoarchaeologistis explored through the lens of the development of archaeology as a discipline, with a particular emphasis on context, and the contemporary legislative efforts aimed at cultural heritage projection. The essay concludes with a look at recent archaeological work in the region and the increasingly strict cultural patrimony legislation, specifically the 2004 U.S.–Honduran Memorandum of Understanding.

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