Glial Cells in the Auditory Brainstem

2018 ◽  
pp. 680-706
Author(s):  
Giedre Milinkeviciute ◽  
Karina S. Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
System Function ◽  
Auditory Neurons ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System Function

The auditory brainstem carries out sound localization functions that require an extraordinary degree of precision. While many of the specializations needed for these functions reside in auditory neurons, additional adaptations are made possible by the functions of glial cells. Astrocytes, once thought to have mainly a supporting role in nervous system function, are now known to participate in synaptic function. In the auditory brainstem, they contribute to development of specialized synapses and to mature synaptic function. Oligodendrocytes play critical roles in regulating timing in sound localization circuitry. Microglia enter the central nervous system early in development, and also have important functions in the auditory system’s response to injury. This chapter highlights the unique functions of these non-neuronal cells in the auditory system.

Delivery on call: exosomes as “care packages” from glial cells for stressed neurons

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.-M. Krämer-Albers ◽  
C. Frühbeis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
System Function ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System Function

AbstractCommunication between cells is a basic requirement for proper nervous system function. Glial cells execute various functions, operating in close coordination with neurons. Recent research revealed that cell commu­nication is mediated by the exchange of extracellular vesicles, which are also secreted by glial cells and neurons. Extracellular vesicles comprise exosomes and microvesicles, which deliver proteins and ribonucleic acids to target cells. As a result of transfer, the vesicle cargo components can modulate the phe­notype of recipient cells. Here, we discuss the characteristics and functions of extracellular vesicles in general and in particular in the central nervous system, where myelinat­ing oligodendrocytes release exosomes in response to neurotransmitter signals, which are internalized by neurons and exhibit neuroprotective functions.

Dissociation between Central and Peripheral Noradrenergic Activity in Essential Hypertension

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (s6) ◽  
pp. 229s-233s ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Lake ◽  
R. J. Polinsky ◽  
H.-G. Gullner ◽  
M. H. Ebert ◽  
M. G. Ziegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
System Function ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Noradrenergic Hyperactivity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System

1. Eleven patients with essential hypertension and nine healthy normotensive volunteer subjects, all without a neurological disorder, had blood drawn and cerebrospinal fluid sampled for analysis of noradrenaline (NA). 2. Cerebrospinal fluid NA levels were elevated (P<0.01) in the hypertensive patients but plasma levels of NA were similar between groups. 3. The results suggest there is noradrenergic hyperactivity in the central nervous system which is not reflected in abnormal peripheral sympathetic nervous system function in this group of patients.

scholarly journals The role of glial cells in synaptic function

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1381) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bacci ◽  
Claudia Verderio ◽  
Elena Pravettoni ◽  
Michela Matteoli
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Synaptic Contacts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Active Interaction

Glial cells represent the most abundant cell population in the central nervous system and for years they have been thought to provide just structural and trophic support to neurons. Recently, several studies were performed, leading to the identification of an active interaction between glia and neurons. This paper focuses on the role played by glial cells at the level of the synapse, reviewing recent data defining how glia is determinant in synaptogenesis, in the modulation of fully working synaptic contacts and in synaptic plasticity.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

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