Stones River

2021 ◽  
pp. 344-357
Author(s):  
Earl J. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Its Region ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Emancipation Proclamation ◽  
Political Leverage

The Battle of Stones River and the capture of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, took place at a critical time in the Union war effort. The federal government needed to create battlefield victories to support the implementation of the Emancipation Proclamation, slated to go into effect on January 1, 1863. Despite a grueling campaign that the Federals nearly lost, they were able to deliver enough of a victory to provide that political leverage. The battle also strengthened ties between the Federal army that fought at Stones River and its government, while weakening the confidence felt by Southerners in their own army. After the battle, the Federals remained inert at Murfreesboro for six months. Their impact on the community and its region was enormous. Even though Tennessee was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in the area broke down slavery by fleeing to the Union flag at Murfreesboro.

scholarly journals Quantifying inequities in US federal response to hurricane disaster in Texas and Florida compared with Puerto Rico

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e001191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charley E Willison ◽  
Phillip M Singer ◽  
Melissa S Creary ◽  
Scott L. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Federal Spending ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
News Releases ◽  
Insufficient Response ◽  
Federal Response

If disaster responses vary in their effectiveness across communities, health equity is affected. This paper aims to evaluate and describe variation in the federal disaster responses to 2017 Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, compared with the need and severity of storm damage through a retrospective analysis. Our analysis spans from landfall to 6 months after landfall for each hurricane. To examine differences in disaster responses across the hurricanes, we focus on measures of federal spending, federal resources distributed and direct and indirect storm-mortality counts. Federal spending estimates come from congressional appropriations and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) records. Resource estimates come from FEMA documents and news releases. Mortality counts come from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports, respective vital statistics offices and news articles. Damage estimates came from NOAA reports. In each case, we compare the responses and the severity at critical time points after the storm based on FEMA time logs. Our results show that the federal government responded on a larger scale and much more quickly across measures of federal money and staffing to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in Texas and Florida, compared with Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. The variation in the responses was not commensurate with storm severity and need after landfall in the case of Puerto Rico compared with Texas and Florida. Assuming that disaster responses should be at least commensurate to the degree of storm severity and need of the population, the insufficient response received by Puerto Rico raises concern for growth in health disparities and increases in adverse health outcomes.

scholarly journals The impact of one unit on Sindh’s political future after its abolition

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Taha Shabbir ◽  
Abdul Shakoor Chandio ◽  
Syed Shuja Uddin ◽  
Asim Ali
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Its Region ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Unit Structure ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Federal Administration ◽  
Provincial Autonomy ◽  
Commercial Center

Pakistan's federalism problem dates all the way back to the establishment of the republic. Pakistan was established during many problems, many of which involved the state's government and administration. After Pakistan's inception, Federalism has been recognized as a political structure. The Muslim League was Pakistan's democratic body, and it called for the provinces of United India to have complete provincial autonomy. In the other side, the Congress favored a moderate federation. Due to the Muslim League's extensive past and tradition, it has been forced to recognize Federalism as a state system. Karachi, a major commercial center in Sindh, was annexed by the federal government and incorporated into its region. As a consequence of this undemocratic act, Sindh's ministry was dissolved, and Karachi was put under federal administration. The smaller provinces were compelled to form One Unit as a result of this development. The One-unit structure scrapped Sindh's territorial position and fundamentally altered its demography. After Bengal's dismemberment, Punjab became the only ruling state, controlling the state structure. Sindh remained marginalized in this province. Sindh has always met with the same fate. Furthermore, Pakistan's constitutions made no provision for Sindh's provincial hegemony. This thesis makes an empirical attempt to examine the historical connection between the Centre and Sindh.

The Rôle of State Governments in the Post-War Era

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1108
Author(s):  
Willard Ice ◽  
Simon Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Post War ◽  
Time And Energy

The states can do little toward winning the war except to give their whole-hearted coöperation to the President's program for prosecuting the war. This coöperation is, of course, essential and of inestimable value; but the states are not engrossed in planning strategy, directing the war effort, or financing the struggle. By comparison with the federal government, they have immeasurably more time and energy available for engaging in other activities. This time and energy should be devoted to the achievement of something constructive; and the most constructive contribution which the states can make to our national economy is to devote themselves now to the task of preparing for a rôle of active participation in dealing with the serious problems with which we shall probably be confronted after the war. Even if those problems, for one reason or another, do not materialize, it is far better to be prepared for an emergency which never comes than to be unprepared for one which does come.

A Grand Opportunity

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
James G. Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Union Army ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black Race ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Emancipation Proclamation

The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, and provided a long awaited opportunity for northern African Americans to prove their loyalty and their worthiness for full citizenship. And for all African Americans, this was a chance to end slavery and the mark of inferiority it branded on the black race. However, the initial euphoria of these African Americans quickly evaporated when they were told this was not a war in which blacks were welcomed to participate. Their help was not requested and was outright rejected. Northern blacks (men and women) looked for and found other ways to contribute to the Union war effort. With the Emancipation Proclamation, Abraham Lincoln had decided to free all the slaves in rebel territory. The Union army now also became an army of liberation. The potential for Union forces to obtain desperately needed manpower, black troops, was another important factor for the decision.

Worthy of His Hire

Men Is Cheap ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 112-142
Author(s):  
Brian P. Luskey
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Civic Virtue ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Union Soldiers

In the second summer of the war, northern states and localities established committees to raise bounty funds by subscription or loan and petitioned the federal government to add its own resources to sweeten their offers. Otherwise, they would not obtain enough volunteers to meet the quotas assigned by the Lincoln administration. The bounties that enticed Union soldiers to demonstrate their civic virtue were the very things that enticed them to defraud their government. When soldiers did not receive the bounties promised by their contracts, they felt “deceived.” Soldiers who came to distrust the promises of contracts sought other avenues to seize greater autonomy. When President Abraham Lincoln sought to use emancipation to strengthen the Union’s war effort in ways that validated free labor’s commitment to the rights of those with capital, white northerners saw their chance. The demise of slavery gave them opportunities to envision a free labor future in which they would benefit at former slaves’ expense. White northerners envisioned mobilizing these black laborers’ “capital in self” to bolster their own wages and credit their claims to independence through the war for Union.

Restoring the Founding Purposes, 1862

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Moore ◽  
Jane Ann Moore
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Congressional Committee ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Exclusive Jurisdiction ◽  
Border States ◽  
Emancipation Proclamation ◽  
The Right

This chapter examines Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy's commitment towards holding together the Union while restoring the Founding Fathers' ideology as articulated in the Declaration of Independence. It first considers the debate in the Joint Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War about who had the right to investigate whether Democratic generals were not sufficiently committed to the Union cause to engage the rebels in battle. It then discusses laws enacted in the Thirty-Seventh Congress with the aim of promoting the nation's welfare; Lovejoy's bill “to secure freedom to all persons within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal Government”; Lincoln's proposal for gradual emancipation in the four border states; and the growing friendship between Lincoln and Lovejoy. The chapter also analyzes the Second Confiscation Act; factions within the Republican Party in the House; Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation; and Lovejoy's reelection in 1862. Finally, it addresses the question of whether Lincoln was a radical.

Ethnicity and Combat

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Keating
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
York City ◽  
Home Front ◽  
Ethnic Enclave ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Life ◽  
Valuable Method ◽  
War Effort

Men in Connecticut and Wisconsin were motivated to enlist in part due to the successes of Irish regiments during the early battles of the Civil War. Beginning in the spring of 1862, this chapter follows the soldiers of these three regiments and speaks to the diversity of military life for Union volunteers. Tested in battle, the faithful service of these men helped preserve support for the Union war effort on the home front and proved a valuable method of rejecting the goals and aims of the rioters in New York City in the summer of 1863. As animosity towards the federal government grew amongst the Irish in America’s largest ethnic enclave of Manhattan, in smaller communities throughout the north Irish men and women reaffirmed, time and again, their support for the war, their soldiers, and their adopted nation.

William T. Sherman and His Officers

2018 ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Kristopher A. Teters
Keyword(s):  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Army Officers ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Emancipation Proclamation ◽  
Military Basis

From beginning to end, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman remained a reluctant liberator who never saw emancipation as a moral imperative. He had opposed the Emancipation Proclamation at the time it was issued, but by late 1863, Sherman had come to accept the end of slavery as a necessary and inevitable consequence of the war. But even if emancipation made some pragmatic sense, Sherman harbored deep racial prejudices, despised abolitionists, and worried that emancipation issues were looming too large in the Union war effort. During his famed marches in Georgia and the Carolinas, Sherman tried to carry out emancipation on a strictly military basis to benefit the army. He and his officers willingly took in slaves that they could use and discouraged all others. Yet thousands of black refugees had still joined Sherman’s columns. Regardless of what army officers thought, many slaves viewed them as liberators and would not pass up an opportunity to gain freedom. So ironically, the general who was probably least interested in assuming the mantle of a liberator led an army that freed thousands. For many, Sherman’s results mattered more than intentions.

Assuring That the Nation Would Long Endure, 1863

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Moore ◽  
Jane Ann Moore
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
The Political ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Emancipation Proclamation

This chapter examines Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy's united stand to assure that the nation “can long endure” amidst the war. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation intensified the desperation felt by slaveholders in areas close to the invading armies. While resisting and escaping slaves invigorated the political process for emancipation, the Emancipation Proclamation emboldened more resistance to slave masters and enhanced cooperation in the Union's efforts in the Civil War. This chapter begins with a discussion of the debate among antislavery leaders over reconstruction policy, along with Lincoln and Lovejoy's disagreements about issues such as the role that the federal military should take in policing the states during the transition. It then considers Lovejoy's health problems and the support for the Lincoln administration's war effort, as well as two men 's persistence in pursuing their radical agenda. It also looks at Lincoln's appeal for divine help to guide and heal the nation, highlighted by his Thanksgiving Proclamation designating August 6 “a day for National Thanksgiving, Praise and Prayer.”

scholarly journals Call to service: The Register of Australian Accountants for National Service 1940–1944

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Cobbin ◽  
Warwick Funnell
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
National Service ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Institutional Legitimacy ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
National Archives Of Australia ◽  
Army Air Force

PurposeThe paper explores the creation in Australia of the Register of Accountants for National Service. Established at the outset of the Second World War, the Register operated for four years from June 1940 providing voluntary, non-remunerated, part-time and after-hours services to a highly stressed and seriously stretched federal government bureaucracy by members of the main Australian professional accounting bodies. Departments of the Navy, Army, Air Force, Supply and Development and Munitions were the largest consumers of the services offered.Design/methodology/approachThe study of the Register relies mainly on an extensive archive of war-time documentation from the Federal Government and various accounting professional institutes which has survived, predominantly in the National Archives of Australia. The resource is particularly rich in material covering the complex negotiation processes that brought the Register into operation together with documentation recording and reporting the work of the Register. The themes of professionalization, institutional legitimacy, volunteerism and patriotism are all invoked to explain the presence of the Register in the machinery of government that was assembled to deliver the ultimately successful war effort. Created by the principal professional accounting institutes, the Register attests to the commitment of their members to the war effort and, thereby, the importance of the profession to Australian society.FindingsThe perilous situation of Australia at a time of war provided a compelling incentive for the accounting profession to organise itself in an efficient and highly effective manner to assist with the war effort. The disparate and somewhat fractured accounting profession at the time was able to work together in a structured, cohesive and disciplined manner to provide voluntary services when called upon. To deliver the voluntary services promised, a purpose-built set of institutional arrangements was put in place. An extensive inventory of the potential services that could be provided by members of the main professional accounting bodies was conducted to facilitate the smooth matching of government needs with services available.Research limitations/implicationsDiscussion focusses only on Australia where the Register was unique. No other examples have been discovered where a profession has self-mobilised to serve a nation in a time of war. A further limitation is that the activities reported are restricted to self-reporting by the Register and a small loose collection of documents prepared by the Department of the Navy.Originality/valueThe uniqueness of the Register is the core of the originality and value of this study. How and why it came into being and the method by which it completed the “task” assigned to it stand as testament to a profession strategically placed to contribute in a substantive manner to the war effort at minimal cost to the nation.

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