Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Storch ◽  
Omar Rahman ◽  
Mirela A. Aldea ◽  
Jeannette M. Reid ◽  
Danielle Bodzin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Augmentation Strategies ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

This chapter reviews the literature on obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (i.e., obsessive compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, Tourette syndrome, and varied body-focused repetitive behaviors) in children and adolescents. For each disorder, data on phenomenology, associated clinical characteristics, etiology, and treatment are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research and clinical directions, such as novel augmentation strategies, diagnostic classification of obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders, and methods of maximizing treatment outcome.

scholarly journals The prevalence of autism spectrum traits and autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S56-S56
Author(s):  
Claire Tiley ◽  
Marinos Kyriakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

AimsAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) commonly co-occur in children and adolescents (C&A); evidence suggests functional impairment is increased in those diagnosed with both disorders. The aims of this systematic review were: 1) To review studies that report on the prevalence of ASD traits and/or diagnosis in C&A with OCD. 2) To review whether the severity of OCD symptoms is related to the severity of ASD traits in C&A with OCD. 3)To review whether the severity of comorbid ASD traits or diagnosis in C&A with OCD impact on their global functioning.MethodThis systematic review was registered in PROSPERO. Prisma guidelines were followed . Electronic searches were carried out on Pubmed, EMBASE and Psychinfo with the use of selected keywords. Inclusion criteria : 1) Participants up to the age of 18 who had an ICD or DSM diagnosis of OCD. 2) Journal articles published in the English, with no date specifications. 3) Papers evaluating ASD diagnosis or traits, or where data on this could be extracted. Exclusion criteria: 1) Papers looking at OCD related disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive skin picking, trichotillomania and hoarding disorder. 2) Samples including adults where C&A data could not be extracted. 3) Posters, abstracts and dissertations.ResultA total of 15 studies were included in the systematic review. Seven of these studies directly compared the prevalence of ASD traits (measured by questionnaires) or diagnosis in OCD to a control group or normative data, with all studies reporting a significant elevation in ASD trait scores and diagnosis in OCD. Ten of the studies reported on the correlation between ASD trait severity and OCD severity. Four studies identified a significant correlation between ASD and OCD total scores or specified subscales. In contrast, one study found significantly elevated OCD scores in an OCD only group when compared to a comorbid OCD and ASD group. Three studies reported on the correlation between ASD scores and functional impairment or compared an OCD only group to a comorbid group. All three studies demonstrated that the presence ASD or ASD traits are associated with elevated scores in global functional impairment.ConclusionIn conclusion, this review suggests that there is an increased prevalence of ASD traits and diagnosis amongst C&A with OCD. Elevated ASD traits within this population are associated with a greater impact on global functioning.

Clinical Management of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Current Knowledge Base ◽  
Hair Pulling Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) now have their own category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Disorders currently classified as OCRDs are obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), excoriation (skin picking) disorder, hoarding disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder. Collectively, the OCRDs are prevalent, cause considerable functional impairment, and are often overlooked by clinicians. This review surveys current definitions and diagnosis of OCRDs, highlighting recommended assessment tools, differential diagnoses, and medical issues. The heritability of OCRDs is examined, based on available twin data, along with implicated genetic factors. Neurobiological understanding of OCRDs is outlined, focusing on dysregulation of habit generation and top-down response control corticostriatal pathways. The review then highlights evidence-based treatments for OCRDs, which differ considerably between individual disorders. Treatment guidance includes descriptions of target medication doses and therapy content. Lastly, limitations in the current knowledge base for OCRDs are reviewed, with implications for future research directions. This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 40 references. Key words: compulsivity, dopamine, glutamate, impulsivity, screening for OCD, serotonin 

Cognitive Approaches to Understanding Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Taylor ◽  
Jonathan S. Abramowitz ◽  
Dean McKay ◽  
Carrie Cuttler
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Cognitive Approaches

This chapter focuses on cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. It begins with a historical perspective, in which the antecedents of cognitive models are described. Contemporary cognitive models are then reviewed, predictions derived from the models are identified, and empirical evidence for these predictions is summarized. This is followed by a review of cognitive models of four OC-related disorders: hoarding, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania. Finally, the conceptual problems with cognitive models of OCD and related disorders are identified, suggestions for improvements to the models are made, and potentially fruitful directions for future research are proposed.

scholarly journals Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sexual Compulsivity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Fruitful Research

The obsessive-compulsive spectrum is an important concept referring to a number of disorders drawn from several diagnostic categories that share core obsessive-compulsive features. These disorders can be grouped by the focus of their symptoms: bodily preoccupation, impulse control, or neurological disorders. Although the disorders are clearly distinct from one another, they have intriguing similarities in phenomenology, etiology, pathophysiology, patient characteristics, and treatment response. In combination with the knowledge gained through many years of research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the concept of a spectrum has generated much fruitful research on the spectrum disorders. It has become apparent that these disorders can also be viewed as being on a continuum of compulsivity to impulsivity, characterized by harm avoidance at the compulsive end and risk seeking at the impulsive end. The compulsive and impulsive disorders differ in systematic ways that are just beginning to be understood. Here, we review these concepts and several representative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders including both compulsive and impulsive disorders, as well as the three different symptom clusters: OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, pathological gambling, sexual compulsivity, and autism spectrum disorders.

Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mataix-Cols ◽  
Odile A. van den Heuvel
Keyword(s):  
Neural Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shares features and often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, as well as with other psychiatric conditions classified elsewhere in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the so-called “OCD spectrum disorders.” Neurobiologically, it is unclear how all these disorders relate to one another. The picture is further complicated by the clinical heterogeneity of OCD. This chapter will review the literature on the common and distinct neural correlates of OCD vis-à-vis other anxiety and “OCD spectrum” disorders. Furthermore, the question of whether partially distinct neural systems subserve the different symptom dimensions of OCD will be examined. Particular attention will be paid to hoarding, which is emerging as a distinct entity from OCD. Finally, new insights from cognitive and affective neuroscience will be reviewed before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research.

Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Kelly ◽  
Katharine A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Bodily Appearance ◽  
Excessive Grooming

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe DSM-IV disorder characterized by distressing or impairing preoccupations with imagined or slight defects in appearance. Individuals with BDD suffer from time-consuming obsessions about their bodily appearance and excessive repetitive behaviors (for example, mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking). Functioning and quality of life are typically very poor, and suicidality rates appear markedly elevated. While prevalence data are still limited, they suggest that BDD affects 0.7% to 2.4% of the population; however, BDD typically goes unrecognized in clinical settings. In this chapter we discuss demographic and clinical features of BDD, prevalence, and morbidity. In addition, we discuss BDD’s relationship to obsessive compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, and psychotic disorders.

Perinatal and Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 249-269
Author(s):  
Nichole Fairbrother ◽  
Fiona L. Challacombe ◽  
Fanie Collardeau ◽  
Thanh Thuy Truong
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder can occur as a new disorder, as a preexisting condition, or can represent the exacerbation or recurrence of a prior condition. The presentation of postpartum OCD is often characterized by a rapid onset, and commonly includes obsessions of harm related to the newborn, typically around the time of birth. Symptoms of postpartum OCD can, however, persist long after the delivery of a baby. This chapter discusses the nature and clinical characteristics associated with perinatal and postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical features and appropriate diagnosis and assessment approaches are discussed. Data on psychiatric treatments are provided. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research.

Is There a Distinct OCD Spectrum?

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hollander ◽  
Stephanie D. Benzaquen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Markers ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Wide Group ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders ◽  
Compulsive Disorders

The obsessive-compulsive disorders spectrum concept has grown in recent years because of the common clinical features, such as obsessive thinking and compulsive rituals, biological markers, presumed etiology, and treatment response, that these disorders may share with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This concept has important implications in regard to diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of diverse disorders affecting up to 10% of the population. New insights in central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms that drive the repetitive behaviors of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have heightened interest in the spectrum in researchers, clinicians, and those involved in drug development.An important approach in neuropsychiatry centers on employing a dimensional classification of psychopathology. Psychiatric phenomena often fall on a continuum. A dimensional approach allows for the classification of patients who fall at the border of classical entities or who are otherwise atypical. Diagnostic categories are considered along a spectrum if there is considerable overlap in symptoms and in etiology, as demonstrated by familial linkage biological markers, and pharmacological dissection. Categorical and dimensional approaches to the OCD spectrum could have significant implications for diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of disorders affecting a sizable percentage of the population.Recent interest has focused on spectrums in movement disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia, epileptic and impulsive disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (which we will examine here); in addition, there has been interest in the overlap between these spectrums. Viewing disorders in terms of overlapping spectrums provides researchers and clinicians a framework with which to better understand and treat these disorders.

Revisiting the Obsessive-compulsive Spectrum

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
F. Ramalho e Silva ◽  
C. Branco ◽  
A.E. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

In the DSM IV-TR, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is categorized as an anxiety disorder. A wide range of psychiatric and medical disorders, not included in this category, has been hypothesized to be related to OCD and to form a family of disorders known as obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD). OCSD would include several clinically heterogeneous disorders such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome or Pathological Gambling. This construct is based on disorders’ similarities with OCD in a variety of domains such as phenomenology, comorbidity, neurotransmitter or peptide systems, neurocircuitry, family history, genetic factors and treatment response. This presentation provides an overview of the existing literature regarding the concept of the OCD spectrum and the relationships between the disorders included in OCSD. Although there are data supporting the inclusion of some disorders in the OC spectrum, more research is needed to clarify the relationships and the boundaries between these disorders. Ultimately, a better understanding of OC spectrum may have significant implications for clinical practice.

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