Economic Policy and Structural Transformation in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-158
Author(s):  
Mekonnen Manyazewal ◽  
Admasu Shiferaw
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Import Penetration ◽  
Basic Services

Ethiopia has advanced from the strong economic recovery of the 1990s to rapid growth since the early 2000s. The underlying economic structure exhibits only modest changes as industrialization has yet to take root. This chapter examines the link between policy choices, economic growth, and transformation under the Derg and EPRDF regimes. While policy reforms and public expenditure on infrastructure and basic services since 1991 have triggered rapid growth by reducing major inefficiencies, structural transformation requires action to boost productivity, alter the structure of demand, and build productive capacity. Productivity remains below that of other developing countries both in the production of food and agricultural raw materials. Manufacturing firms exhibit lacklustre levels of investment while import penetration rates continue to rise. Inequality of asset ownership in urban areas, and the weak response of asset positions to income growth in rural areas suggest challenges in raising household demand for non-food consumption items.

RESURRECTION OF THE PRIVATE MICRO-ENTERPRISES IN CHINA: EXPERIENCE IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 293-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
EBEL WICKRAMANAYAKE ◽  
YAFANG CHEN ◽  
MING WEN
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Socialist Market Economy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Capital Access ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Micro Enterprises

The People's Republic of China initiated a reform programme in late 1970s to move from a socialist to a socialist market economy. The unemployment in urban areas and poor performances of the agricultural sector prompted to a great extent the introduction of reforms which paved the way for the resurrection of private micro-enterprises both in urban and rural areas. A comparison of the characteristics of these enterprises such as entrepreneurship, sources of capital, access to land and sites, technology, sources of raw materials, labour utilisation, type of activities and internal capital accumulation highlights their similarities and differences.

scholarly journals Regional Distribution of Ambulant Nursing Services in Germany. A GIS Accessibility Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-359
Author(s):  
Stefan Neumeier
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
German Health Care System ◽  
Accessibility Analysis ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Nursing Services ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Basic Services

Abstract In many rural areas in Europe a spatial concentrating of basic services can be observed due to interacting socioeconomic and demographic processes. At the European level, territorial cohesion policy aims at mitigating the consequences of this development. Additionally, in Germany, this development is a greatly discussed topic. However, little data exists at the country level on the dimensions and consequences of this spatial concentration process. This limitation makes it difficult to realistically assess the situation and identify the regions and basic services where intervention may be required. As a contribution to bridging this knowledge gap, we used a GIS accessibility analysis to analyse the regional distribution of ambulant nursing services throughout Germany and to estimate the availability of such services near patients’ places of residence. Ambulant nursing care is an important basic service of the German health care system; such services allow disabled or elderly people who are not able to fully care for themselves to stay in their homes and living environments. The analysis results lead us to conclude that although ambulant nursing services must cover greater distances to reach customers in rural areas, at present such services are nationally available in rural areas as well as in urban areas.

scholarly journals Trend of Rural Employment and Wages in Pakistan

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4II) ◽  
pp. 803-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
The Masses

Trends in rural employment and wages are important in a number of ways. For example, a steady growth of job opportunities is a precondition for productive employment of labour force under rapid growth of population. Rising real wages of the working class would be essential for incessant improvements ih the standard of living of the masses. Lack of sufficient employment opportunities in rural areas together with the consequent stagnating (even declining) wages may be a potential cause of mass movement of rural labour to urban areas and attendant formidable economy-wide problems. Similarly, aggregate growth rates of employment and wages in contrast with those in productive sectors have an important bearing on trends in income distribution and poverty. Rapid growth of population, predominance of rural sector and a general lack of studies on rural labour market conditions in less developed countries, including Pakistan, call for a study such as the present one, which explores the trends of rural employment and wages in Pakistan. The paper carries four sections. Section 1 surveys the present state of the rural labour market. Section 2 reports trends in rural employment and discusses the various factors underlying those trends. Employment situation being the basic determinant, wage trends, especially those in agriculture, are highlighted in Section 3. Section 4 summarises the findings of the study and in their light makes some policy recommendations.

scholarly journals Mapping of Rural Health Services during Covid-19 Pandemic in Central Java, Indonesia: Rethinking Remoteness

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 (1) ◽  
pp. 012032
Author(s):  
I. Andini ◽  
A. Djunaedi
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Health Service Provision ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Global World ◽  
Two Sides

Abstract Covidl9 pandemic, since 2019 in global world and 2020 in Indonesia, changed human daily life and affected the provision of public services, especially health services. As Covid19 spread through close interactions among humans, rural areas have the advantage of remoteness compared to higher-density urban areas. In the villages with relatively isolated access, the spread of Covid-19 is very low compared to the national average. This paper discusses how remoteness has become two sides of the coin during pandemic by examining at the data of health services in three rural areas in Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Data collected by in-depth interviews showed that although remoteness became a key factor in delaying the spread of Covid19, it also became a key factor in the deterioration of advanced health services in non-covid diseases throughout the pandemic. These findings confirmed the vulnerability of basic services in rural areas, even on Java Island as a center of growth in Indonesia. Using causal network analysis, the discussion revealed that the vulnerability stem from the territorial approach in health service provision making rural areas less resilient during pandemic. This paper concludes that while remoteness provides a barrier in retaining the spread of pandemic disease, it also worsens the medical treatment capacity in non-pandemic diseases in rural areas. Covid19 pandemic raises the need of specific arrangement public health services in remote rural areas.

Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity in Africa

2016 ◽  
pp. 416-426
Author(s):  
Mutisya Emmanuel ◽  
Lilian Muasa ◽  
Chiahsin Chen ◽  
Florence Mutisya ◽  
Ram Avtar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

Africa continues to experience serious signs of multiple crises in the context of sustainability. These crises include vulnerability to climate change, rapid urbanization, food insecurity, and many others. One crisis, that defines Africa today, is the unprecedented rapid urbanization which continues to pose a big challenge to the diminishing available resources, environmental quality and human well-being. Cities in Africa continue to experience a fast horizontal growth of settlements due to influx of people from rural areas who often settle in the economically lowest segments in urban areas. This horizontal rapid growth has eaten up land set for agriculture around cities and promoted the rapid growth of informal settlements exacerbating the impacts of climate change leading to a negative impact on agricultural production. Policies linking rapid urbanization and climate change with agricultural productivity are need. This paper explores and documents the impact of rapid urbanization on climate change policies and subsequent impact on agriculture in Africa.

Basic Service Provisioning in Peri-urban India: A Regional Perspective from Kolkata Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Dinabandhu Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Basic Service ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
The Status ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Service Provisions

In the globalising world, rapid urbanisation and expansion of cities trigger complex interactions with the surrounding rural areas and transform them into peri-urban areas. The peri-urban transitional spaces around cities experience rapid population growth and occupational diversification. However, they suffer from poor infrastructure and service provisions and the living condition has also been deteriorating over time with increasing population pressure. This article tries to explore accessibility to basic services in the transitional interfaces in comparison with the urban core and rural counterparts, taking Kolkata metropolis as a case. Using village level household information obtained from Census 2011, a composite amenity index by principal component analysis and one-way analysis of variance have been used to assess the status of services. The study finds that the condition of basic service provisions in peri-urban areas is unsatisfactory and far behind from the urban areas. It therefore resembles the hypothesis of “degenerated periphery” that the expansion of cities creates peripheries without basic civic amenities and infrastructural facilities necessary for its residents for maintaining the standard of living.

Traditional use of plants in Kuršumlija

Etnobotanika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Gorica Đelić ◽  
◽  
Goran Simović ◽  
Milan Stanković ◽  
Nenad Zlatić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Traditional Medicines

Plants as a source of active phytochemistry are the basis of nutrition. However, man uses them in traditional medicine and veterinary medicine, but also as raw materials in many branches of industry (textile, construction…). The need and role of traditional medicines in the health care system havе been growing in recent decades. The aim of the research is to determine the list of plants that are traditionally used by the local population on the territory of the municipality of Kuršumlija, and the way of their application in folk medicine, veterinary medicine, customs. Data on knowledge of plants and their use were collected through interviews in the period from May to September 2020. A total of 49 people were interviewed (37.5% men and 62.5% women), aged between 21 and 81, mostly from urban areas (79.2% of respondents are from the city and 20.8% from rural areas). Respondents have different education: 6.3% have a primary school, 58.3% have a secondary school and 35.4% have higher education. During the research, it was stated that the largest number of plant species used for therapeutic purposes belongs to families: Lamiaceae (20.5%), Asteraceae (12.8%), Rosaceae (5.1%) and the most commonly used species are: Mentha piperita (47.9% of respondents), Matricaria chamomilla (37.5% of respondents); Urtica dioica (31.2% of respondents); Hypericum perforatum (27% of respondents), Salvia officinalis (22.9% of respondents); Achillea millefolium (14.5% of respondents); Ocimum basilicum (12.5% ​​of respondents). For therapeutic purposes, teas (infusion, decoction), tinctures, and oils are prepared for oral use, and for external use, compresses and ointments. The largest number of respondents reported the use of herbal medicines for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. In the customs related to religious holidays, the largest number of respondents use oak.

Inequalities of Human Opportunities in India: A State-level Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-264
Author(s):  
B. P. Vani ◽  
S. Madheswaran
Keyword(s):  
Scale Effect ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Level ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Distribution Effect ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Multiple Services ◽  
Human Opportunity Index ◽  
Access Services

This article attempts to measure the equality of opportunity among children in India at state level based on two waves (2004–2005 and 2011–2012) of data from Indian Human Development Survey. The measurement of access to basic services adjusted for differences associated with circumstances and commonly known as the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) is used following the World Bank methodology. This article also adopts multidimensional framework and modifies the HOI to account for access to multiple services to individuals and thus terms it as Multidimensional Human Opportunity Index (MHOI). The change in the MHOI between the two periods, 2004–2005 and 20011–2012, has been decomposed into scale effect and distribution effect. The findings show that the opportunities to access services are quite low and inequitable at all-India level, except in access to safe drinking water. Over the period of seven years, there is an increase in MHOI and much of it is due to the scale effect and not so much due to the distribution effect. Among the circumstance variables, location of residence and per capita expenditure were found to be crucial in influencing equitable access to basic services. Most of the BIMARU states had low and inequitable access to opportunities. Further, the location of residence (rural/urban) was an important factor in influencing access to services at the state level, with low levels of access in rural areas compared to urban areas. In the light of empirical findings, policy options are suggested.

Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity in Africa

2017 ◽  
pp. 1121-1132
Author(s):  
Mutisya Emmanuel ◽  
Lilian Muasa ◽  
Chiahsin Chen ◽  
Florence Mutisya ◽  
Ram Avtar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

Africa continues to experience serious signs of multiple crises in the context of sustainability. These crises include vulnerability to climate change, rapid urbanization, food insecurity, and many others. One crisis, that defines Africa today, is the unprecedented rapid urbanization which continues to pose a big challenge to the diminishing available resources, environmental quality and human well-being. Cities in Africa continue to experience a fast horizontal growth of settlements due to influx of people from rural areas who often settle in the economically lowest segments in urban areas. This horizontal rapid growth has eaten up land set for agriculture around cities and promoted the rapid growth of informal settlements exacerbating the impacts of climate change leading to a negative impact on agricultural production. Policies linking rapid urbanization and climate change with agricultural productivity are need. This paper explores and documents the impact of rapid urbanization on climate change policies and subsequent impact on agriculture in Africa.

Technologies

2012 ◽  
pp. 9-43
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Transport Control ◽  
Technical Operation

The production process is made up of a set of actions involving processing of raw materials, energy materials, and semi-finished products, turned into finished products. The production process is always related to a specific product and takes place in specific production units. The basic part of the production process is the technological process. Moreover, it includes eco-manufacturability, auxiliary processes such as storage, transport, control. Eco-manufacturability, as reasonable harmony between technical operation of machines, technology, energy and a permanent need for protection, shaping, positive progress, enhancement and development of the human environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals, urban areas, rural areas, the Earth, natural resources, materials and structural materials, machines, devices, tools, systems, and rooms.

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