Informational Warfare

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Human Females ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Women And Girls

Evolutionary scholars often emphasize the strategic benefits of coalitions in male aggression and warfare. Evolutionary theories of human female coalitions, however, have not recognized any competitive function for coalitional behavior and instead emphasize mutual nurturing and help with child care. This focus is despite the fact that a significant body of research has shown that coalitions in nonhuman female primates do serve competitive functions. This essay argues that coalitional relationships among human females—like those among human males and those among female nonhuman primates—serve aggressive functions in reputational competition. It further argues that, for either sex, competition via gossip and coalitional gossip is usually a better strategy than physical aggression when it comes to within-group competition. Finally, the essay proposes that, because human females might face more within-group competition than human males, women and girls might engage in more gossip than men and boys.

Gossip, Reputation, and Friendship in Within-group Competition

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Hess ◽  
Edward H. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Competitive Strategy ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Competition For Resources

The chapter explores an evolutionary, strategic account of gossip—the exchange of reputation-relevant information—arguing that gossip can be used to increase the reputations of oneself or one’s allies, relative to the reputations of competitors, in order to increase access to contested group resources. The chapter compares gossip with another strategy that can be used to deter competitors, physical aggression. It reviews developmental research on physical and nonphysical aggression, evolutionary accounts of physical and nonphysical aggression in humans, and socioecological accounts of competition for resources in nonhuman primates. It also discusses aspects of human socioecology in small-scale societies where resource competition can lead to physical aggression and/or the strategic use of gossip in reputation manipulation. The chapter argues that, whereas physical aggression predominates in competition between groups, when competition for resources is occurring within a group, gossip is superior to physical aggression as a competitive strategy.

Venus Complete: Recognition of and Respect for the Urethrovaginal Gland and its Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Movie Industry ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Female Urethra ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Pass Through

This article is about women and girls and the potential for major changes. I begin with two premises: first, the urethrovaginal gland (UVG) and its secretion, amrita, are critical elements of being a human female; and, second, there is a genetic underpinning to the robustness of UVG activity and its contribution to sexual satisfaction. The anticipation is that, in addition to facilitating women’s sexual satisfaction both through raising awareness and identifying geneticbased pharmaceuticals, we might also modestly enhance medical care and biomedical research endeavors relevant to human female sexual anatomy and physiology. However, there is substantial, almost uniform ignorance, reticence and untoward prejudice among medical professionals-both clinicians and researchers-that has compromised innumerable girls and women. Most important has been the ubiquitous incorrect presumption that the only fluid to pass through-or issue from-the female urethra is urine. The source of the other important urethral effluent, amrita, is the UVG (sometimes known as the Skene gland), but the UVG has most often been considered a fiction, a myth or irrelevant. Thus, its secretion, amrita, has similarly been considered a fiction, myth or irrelevant. Only one venue has openly acknowledged and exploited amrita: the adult movie industry. However, such endorsement predictably added to the rationales for making light of or ignoring this aspect of femininity.

scholarly journals Collective action and the intensity of between-group competition in nonhuman primates

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik P. Willems ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Group Competition

Associations among child care, family, and behavior outcomes in a nation-wide sample of preschool-aged children

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Romano ◽  
Dafna Kohen ◽  
Leanne C. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Process Quality ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Care Family ◽  
Home Based Care

Canadian data based on maternal reports for a nationally representative sample of 4,521 4—5-year-olds were used to examine associations among child care, family factors, and behaviors in preschool-aged children. Linear regressions testing for direct and moderated associations indicated that regulated home-based care was associated with less physical aggression and less prosocial behavior while high process quality in home-based care was associated with greater prosocial behavior. Among children in home-based settings, being in at least one additional current child care arrangement was linked with greater physical aggression, and low child care stability was linked to greater hyperactivity-inattention, internalizing behavior, and prosocial behaviors. For family factors, parenting behaviors and maternal depression were associated with greater behavioral problems while low household income was linked with greater hyperactivity-inattention among children in home-based care. There was a significant interaction between process quality and household income for physical aggression and internalizing behavior and between structure quality and parenting consistency for prosocial behavior for children in home-based care. Results suggest that child care matters for preschool behavioral outcomes, even after controlling for socio-demographic factors. High quality care appears particularly important for children in home-based care from low-income families so issues around child care quality and regulation should be considered. Findings also underscore the importance of family factors on young children’s behaviors and show that child care and family influences work together to impact child outcomes.

scholarly journals Care Work and Time Use: A Focus on Child Care, Personal Care and Elderly Care Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
R Ramya
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Elderly Care ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Time Poverty ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Women And Girls

Today the concept of ‘time poverty’ is gaining much attention. Since time is a limited factor, when more of it is devoted to paid and unpaid work, less time is available for leisure, which results in high time poverty. Time is often more precious than money and is regarded as a natural and universal concept. A woman’s position in the society and family as well as her time allocation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Therefore a woman’s paid works as well as her unpaid domestic work especially care work are equally significant as it produces significant influence upon her time allocation. Across globe, women and girls does the vast majority of care giving work in the home which creates disproportional responsibilities finally result in time poverty. This paper mainly focuses on the care time (child care, elderly care and personal care time) devoted by working women across different occupations

scholarly journals Social Structure Predicts Eye Contact Tolerance in Nonhuman Primates: Evidence from a Crowd-Sourcing Approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Harrod ◽  
Christopher L. Coe ◽  
Paula Niedenthal
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Related Question ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Crowd Sourcing

In most primates, eye contact is an implicit signal of threat, and often signals social status and imminent physical aggression. However, in humans and the more gregarious species of nonhuman primates, eye contact is more tolerated and used to communicate emotional and mental states. What accounts for the variation in this critical social behavior across primate species? We crowd-sourced primatologists and found a strong positive correlation between eye contact tolerance and primate social structure. In more egalitarian social structures, eye contact is more tolerated. In addition to constituting the first generalizable demonstration of this relationship, our findings can inform the related question of why eye contact is deferentially avoided in some human cultures, while in others eye contact is both frequent and even encouraged.

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