Gossip, Reputation, and Friendship in Within-group Competition

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Hess ◽  
Edward H. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Competitive Strategy ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Competition For Resources

The chapter explores an evolutionary, strategic account of gossip—the exchange of reputation-relevant information—arguing that gossip can be used to increase the reputations of oneself or one’s allies, relative to the reputations of competitors, in order to increase access to contested group resources. The chapter compares gossip with another strategy that can be used to deter competitors, physical aggression. It reviews developmental research on physical and nonphysical aggression, evolutionary accounts of physical and nonphysical aggression in humans, and socioecological accounts of competition for resources in nonhuman primates. It also discusses aspects of human socioecology in small-scale societies where resource competition can lead to physical aggression and/or the strategic use of gossip in reputation manipulation. The chapter argues that, whereas physical aggression predominates in competition between groups, when competition for resources is occurring within a group, gossip is superior to physical aggression as a competitive strategy.

Informational Warfare

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Human Females ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Women And Girls

Evolutionary scholars often emphasize the strategic benefits of coalitions in male aggression and warfare. Evolutionary theories of human female coalitions, however, have not recognized any competitive function for coalitional behavior and instead emphasize mutual nurturing and help with child care. This focus is despite the fact that a significant body of research has shown that coalitions in nonhuman female primates do serve competitive functions. This essay argues that coalitional relationships among human females—like those among human males and those among female nonhuman primates—serve aggressive functions in reputational competition. It further argues that, for either sex, competition via gossip and coalitional gossip is usually a better strategy than physical aggression when it comes to within-group competition. Finally, the essay proposes that, because human females might face more within-group competition than human males, women and girls might engage in more gossip than men and boys.

scholarly journals Asymmetric competition causes multimodal size distributions in spatially structured populations

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20152404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Velázquez ◽  
Robert B. Allen ◽  
David A. Coomes ◽  
Markus P. Eichhorn
Keyword(s):  
Resource Competition ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Asymmetric Competition ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Multimodal Distributions ◽  
Using Data

Plant sizes within populations often exhibit multimodal distributions, even when all individuals are the same age and have experienced identical conditions. To establish the causes of this, we created an individual-based model simulating the growth of trees in a spatially explicit framework, which was parametrized using data from a long-term study of forest stands in New Zealand. First, we demonstrate that asymmetric resource competition is a necessary condition for the formation of multimodal size distributions within cohorts. By contrast, the legacy of small-scale clustering during recruitment is transient and quickly overwhelmed by density-dependent mortality. Complex multi-layered size distributions are generated when established individuals are restricted in the spatial domain within which they can capture resources. The number of modes reveals the effective number of direct competitors, while the separation and spread of modes are influenced by distances among established individuals. Asymmetric competition within local neighbourhoods can therefore generate a range of complex size distributions within even-aged cohorts.

scholarly journals Agricultural Practices in Lawngtlai Rural Development Block of Mizoram

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
R. Lalthankhumi ◽  
Joseph Lalmalsawma
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Shifting Agriculture ◽  
Development Block ◽  
Major Factors

Agriculture constitutes one of the major sources of income among the people of Mizoram. The areas used for cultivation in Mizoram are usually slashed and burnt down to ashes and are abandoned for years, the land is used and the same plot is re-use after 3-5 years. More than half of the total population is either directly or indirectly involved in agriculture. However, the income from agriculture is less than 5% of the State Gross Domestic Product (State Economic Report, 2015). In the last few decades Mizoram witnessed several changes in agriculture pattern as many farmers have been shifting from cultivation to small- scale agricultural farming. This paper highlights the transformation of agricultural practices and the major factors affecting agricultural production and attempt is made to examine the prevailing socio- economic aspects associated with farmers with special reference to Lawngtlai Rural Development Block and a questionnaire method was used for collecting relevant information for the purpose. The research found that there exist major transformations of agricultural practices in the last couple of decades. The cycle of shifting agriculture period has been shortened drastically. It is also revealed that farmers are gradually adopting settled farming from shifting agriculture and that government intervention and assistance has been increasing more and more in this field. It is suggested that agricultural practice be transformed from jhuming to settled farming and from cultivating the traditional crops to cash crops with governmental and institutional support for shifting to higher income in agricultural and horticultural crops.

Modelling multi-topic information propagation in online social networks based on resource competition

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyuan Sun ◽  
Yadong Zhou ◽  
Xiaohong Guan
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Information Propagation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Impact

Understanding information propagation in online social networks is important in many practical applications and is of great interest to many researchers. The challenge with the existing propagation models lies in the requirement of complete network structure, topic-dependent model parameters and topic isolated spread assumption, etc. In this paper, we study the characteristics of multi-topic information propagation based on the data collected from Sina Weibo, one of the most popular microblogging services in China. We find that the daily total amount of user resources is finite and users’ attention transfers from one topic to another. This shows evidence on the competitions between multiple dynamical topics. According to these empirical observations, we develop a competition-based multi-topic information propagation model without social network structure. This model is built based on general mechanisms of resource competitions, i.e. attracting and distracting users’ attention, and considers the interactions of multiple topics. Simulation results show that the model can effectively produce topics with temporal popularity similar to the real data. The impact of model parameters is also analysed. It is found that topic arrival rate reflects the strength of competitions, and topic fitness is significant in modelling the small scale topic propagation.

scholarly journals Competition and the origins of novelty: experimental evolution of niche-width expansion in a virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20120616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Bono ◽  
Catharine L. Gensel ◽  
David W. Pfennig ◽  
Christina L. Burch
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Model System ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Narrow Host Range ◽  
Competition For Resources

Competition for resources has long been viewed as a key agent of divergent selection. Theory holds that populations facing severe intraspecific competition will tend to use a wider range of resources, possibly even using entirely novel resources that are less in demand. Yet, there have been few experimental tests of these ideas. Using the bacterial virus (bacteriophage) ϕ 6 as a model system, we examined whether competition for host resources promotes the evolution of novel resource use. In the laboratory, ϕ 6 exhibits a narrow host range but readily produces mutants capable of infecting novel bacterial hosts. Here, we show that when ϕ 6 populations were subjected to intense intraspecific competition for their standard laboratory host, they rapidly evolved new generalist morphs that infect novel hosts . Our results therefore suggest that competition for host resources may drive the evolution of host range expansion in viruses. More generally, our findings demonstrate that intraspecific resource competition can indeed promote the evolution of novel resource-use phenotypes.

scholarly journals Developing student worksheet for inquiry-based chemistry to improve scientific process skills

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-115
Author(s):  
Rahmat Rasmawan
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Chemistry Teachers ◽  
Very High

PENGEMBANGAN LKS KIMIA BERBASIS INKUIRI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN KERJA ILMIAHAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan kerja ilmiah lewat pengembangan lembar kerja siswa berbasis inkuiri. Metode Research and Development dari Brog & Gall digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Lembar Kerja Siswa yang dikembangkan memuat tahapan aktivitas belajar mulai dari merumuskan masalah, mengumpulkan informasi yang relevan, merumuskan hipotesis, membuat variabel dan defini operasionalnya berdasarkan prosedur kerja yang diberikan, melakukan percobaan, mengkomunikasikan data hasil percobaan dalam bentuk tabel atau grafik, menganalisis data, dan merumuskan kesimpulan. Hasil validasi pakar pendidikan, ahli, dan guru kimia dinyatakan bahwa Lembar Kerja Siswa valid dan layak digunakan. Berdasarkan uji coba terbatas diperoleh hasil bahwa keterampilan kerja ilmiah siswa mengalami peningkatan dan reliabilitas tes keterampilan kerja ilmiah layak digunakan pada uji coba meluas. Hasil uji coba meluas menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan keterampilan kerja ilmiah siswa dengan rata-rata efek size sebesar 2,678 (sangat tinggi) dan siswa memberikan respons positif terhadap ketertarikan, keterbaharuan, dan kemudahan terhadap Lembar Kerja Siswa, serta menunjukkan ketertarikan terhadap proses pembelajaran.AbstractThis study was aimed at developing inquiry-based student worksheets to improve student’s scientific process skills. The study used the Brog & Gall Research and Development research method. The student worksheet contained the stages of learning activities consisting of formulating problems, gathering relevant information, formulating hypotheses, making variables and operational definition based on the work procedures, experimenting, communicating experimental data in tabular or graphic form, analyzing data, and formulating conclusion. The results show that the education experts, chemistry teachers, and experts’ validation stated that the student worksheet is valid and feasible to use. The small-scale tryout shows that the students’ scientific process skills have increased and the reliability of scientific skill work tests is feasible to be used in widespread trials. The results of the experiment show that there was an increase in the students’ scientific process skills with the average effect size of 2.678 (very high) and that the students responded positively to the interest, the renewal, and ease of the worksheets and the learning process.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BOLA BASKET BAGI ANAK SD KELAS ATAS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Erick Prayogo Walton ◽  
Lismadiana Lismadiana
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
School Age ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
5Th Grade

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model pembelajaran bola basket bagi anak SD kelas atas. Penelitian pengembangan ini dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: (1) pengumpulan informasi, (2) analisis hasil informasi, (3) mengembangkan produk awal, (4) validasi ahli dan revisi, (5) uji coba skala kecil, (6) revisi, (7) uji coba skala besar, (8) revisi akhir, (9) pembuatan produk final, dan (10) diseminasi dan implementasi produk final. Uji coba skala kecil dilakukan terhadap siswa kelas V dari SD Panembahan yang berjumlah 15 anak. Uji coba skala besar dilakukan terhadap SD Pokoh 2 Sleman kelas V yang berjumlah 20 anak dan SD Gedongkiwo Yogyakarta  kelas V yang berjumlah 25 anak. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan model pembelajaran, yaitu: (1) kejar-kejaran dribbling, (2) dribbling dalam lingkaran, (3) dribbling ular cepat, (4) passing melewati tali, (5) perang passing, (6) loncatan dan shooting, (7) passing, dribbling dan shooting, (8) permainan bola basket modifikasi alat dan lapangan, dan (9) permainan bola basket modifikasi alat dan lapangan tanpa dribbling.Dari hasil analisis data penilaian para ahli materi dan guru SD, ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pengembangan model pembelajaran ini sangat baik dan efektif.  DEVELOPING A BASKET BALL MODEL FOR HIGHER PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN Abstract This research aims to produce a basket ball model for higher primary school age children. This developmental research was done following developmental research steps as follows: (1) collecting information, (2) analysing information, (3) developing initial product, (4) experts validation and revision, (5) preliminary field testing, (6) revision, (7) main field testing, (8) final revision, (9) making the final product, and (10) dissemination and implementation the final product. The small-scale trials were done among 15 students from 5th grade in SD Panembahan. The large-scale trials were done among 20 students from 5th grade in SD Pokoh 2 Sleman and 25 students from the 5th grade in SD Gedongkiwo Yogyakarta. The data were analyzed using the quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. This study resulted in a model a teaching that is: (1) dribbling runs, (2) dribbling incircle, (3) dribbling snake quickly, (4) passing the rope, (5) war passing, (6) jump and shooting, (7) passing, dribbling  and shooting, (8) playing basket ball with the instruments and field modified, and  (9) playingbasket ballwith the instruments and field modified without dribbling. Based on the data analysis derived from teachers and expert assessment, it is concluded that the model is considered as very satisfactory and effective. Key words: development, basket ball, higher primary school age children.

scholarly journals Control Model for Intelligent and Demand-Driven Supply Chains

2012 ◽  
pp. 262-283
Author(s):  
Jan Strandhagen ◽  
Heidi C. Dreyer ◽  
Anita Romsdal
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Trust And Power

Orchestrating supply chains is challenging. This chapter describes how to control a supply chain to make it truly demand-driven – based on the assumption that all relevant information is made available to all partners in real time. The chapter explores the elements of a framework for intelligent and demand-driven supply chain control, with regards to the overall concept and associated principles, and demonstrates these in a case example. Challenges to the realization of the proposed control model include trust and power, supply chain dynamicity and uncertainty, and required investments in competence, standardization, and information and communication technology. Some of these can be met through initial small-scale implementations of the proposed model, to demonstrate effects, and by exploiting facilities for information sharing and collaboration, like supply chain dashboards and control studios. Future research within operations management, technology and information and communications technology (ICT) will support broader realization of the proposed control model.

Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
Inland Fisheries ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security

<em>Abstract</em> .—Understanding the role and value of small-scale fisheries to livelihoods and food security is a key challenge in conserving fishery resources. This is particularly true for small-scale inland fisheries, one of the most underreported and undervalued fisheries sectors that also increasingly faces environmental and societal change. Gender plays a central role in the different ways in which inland fisheries contribute to food and nutritional security in developing countries. The role of women in inland fisheries is significant, with millions of women contributing to dynamic capture fisheries and aquaculture supply chains. The role of women in inland fisheries, however, is less visible than the role of men and is often overlooked in policymaking processes. The need for participatory community-based approaches has been widely recognized in natural resource management literature as a means to capture people’s perspectives and empower marginalized groups. The Photovoice method is increasingly used as a participatory tool in health, social, and environmental research, but has had little adoption in inland fisheries research to date. The aims of this paper are (1) to review and evaluate the effectiveness of an emerging participatory method, Photovoice; and (2) to present a modified Photovoice method, applicable to the context of small-scale fisheries, to advance understanding of gender and socioecological dimensions. We outline the strengths and limitations of the method and highlight that it can be used as a tool for triangulation of mixed research methods or independently. We argue that Photovoice, as a participatory tool in fisheries research, has the potential to provide rich, qualitative, context-specific, untapped sources of knowledge to advance fisheries research and management. The use of Photovoice in the context of small-scale inland fisheries and aquaculture research is a timely endeavor given heightened interest to obtain insights into the previously overlooked aspects of gender and the need for more policy relevant information.

THE COEVOLUTION OF GROUP SIZE AND LEADERSHIP: AN AGENT-BASED PUBLIC GOODS MODEL FOR PREHISPANIC PUEBLO SOCIETIES

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1150007 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY A. KOHLER ◽  
DENTON COCKBURN ◽  
PAUL L. HOOPER ◽  
R. KYLE BOCINSKY ◽  
ZIAD KOBTI
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Public ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Monitoring Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Pueblo Societies

We present an agent-based model for voluntaristic processes allowing the emergence of leadership in small-scale societies, parameterized to apply to Pueblo societies of the northern US Southwest between AD 600 and 1300. We embed an evolutionary public-goods game in a spatial simulation of household activities in which agents, representing households, decide where to farm, hunt, and locate their residences. Leaders, through their work in monitoring group members and punishing defectors, can increase the likelihood that group members will cooperate to achieve a favorable outcome in the public-goods game. We show that under certain conditions households prefer to work in a group with a leader who receives a share of the group's productivity, rather than to work in a group with no leader. Simulation produces outcomes that match reasonably well those known for a portion of Southwest Colorado between AD 600 and 900. We suggest that for later periods a model incorporating coercion, or inter-group competition, or both, and one in which tiered hierarchies of leadership can emerge, would increase the goodness-of-fit.

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