Motivational Models of Substance Use

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lynne Cooper ◽  
Emmanuel Kuntsche ◽  
Ash Levitt ◽  
Lindsay L. Barber ◽  
Scott Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Feeling States ◽  
Motivational Model

This chapter uses Cox and Klinger’s motivational model of alcohol use as a framework for reviewing research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. Results of this review provide strong support for key premises underpinning this model in the alcohol literature, including that people drink alcohol to manage internal feeling states and to obtain valued social outcomes. Importantly, these motives may provide a final common pathway to alcohol use through which the influences of more distal variables are mediated. The research literature on motives for marijuana use revealed important similarities in the nature of motives underlying use and in the unique patterns of use and use-related consequences associated with specific motives. Research on tobacco use motives showed few similarities, with tobacco use being more habitual, automatic, and largely motivated by withdrawal cues, at least among more experienced and dependent users.

Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis

2018 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Valerie A. Earnshaw ◽  
Marc N. Elliott ◽  
Sari L. Reisner ◽  
Sylvie Mrug ◽  
Michael Windle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Tenth Grade

BACKGROUND Peer victimization is common among youth and associated with substance use. Yet, few studies have examined these associations longitudinally or the psychological processes whereby peer victimization leads to substance use. The current study examined whether peer victimization in early adolescence is associated with alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use in mid- to late adolescence, as well as the role of depressive symptoms in these associations. METHODS Longitudinal data were collected between 2004 and 2011 from 4297 youth in Birmingham, Alabama; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles County, California. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The hypothesized model fit the data well (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.02; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.95). More frequent experiences of peer victimization in the fifth grade were associated with greater depressive symptoms in the seventh grade (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P < .001), which, in turn, were associated with a greater likelihood of alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P = .003), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P < .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P < .001) in the tenth grade. Moreover, fifth-grade peer victimization was indirectly associated with tenth-grade substance use via the mediator of seventh-grade depressive symptoms, including alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P = .006), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P < .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.02[0.01]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Youth who experienced more frequent peer victimization in the fifth grade were more likely to use substances in the tenth grade, showing that experiences of peer victimization in early adolescence may have a lasting impact by affecting substance use behaviors during mid- to late adolescence. Interventions are needed to reduce peer victimization among youth and to support youth who have experienced victimization.

Concurrent Childhood Experiences Impact Underage Substance Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 107755952110124
Author(s):  
Eliza Broadbent ◽  
Jacob Read Miller ◽  
Aaron Cheung ◽  
Elizabeth Mathews Rollins ◽  
Lynneth Kirsten B. Novilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Early Initiation ◽  
Adolescent Substance Use ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
The Cross

Adverse and advantageous childhood experiences (ACEs and counter-ACEs) during adolescence are understudied. This study examined how childhood experiences affect youth tobacco/alcohol use. Participants included 489 U.S. adolescents (baseline 10–13 years; 51% female) from the first five waves of the Flourishing Families Project. Results of the cross-lagged model showed ACEs were predictive of early tobacco use only. Counter-ACEs in wave two and wave three predicted, respectively, decreased tobacco and decreased alcohol use in the following wave. Counter-ACEs were also correlated with reduced alcohol and tobacco use in later waves. These findings indicate the salience of counter-ACEs over ACEs in persistent and late adolescent substance use, though ACEs may be important to consider to prevent very early initiation of tobacco.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol and Marijuana Use Outcomes Among Concurrent Users: A Motivational Model of Substance Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margo C. Villarosa‐Hurlocker ◽  
Adrian J. Bravo ◽  
Matthew R. Pearson ◽  
Mark A. Prince ◽  
Michael B. Madson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Motivational Model ◽  
The Relationship

Predicting Substance Use from Childhood Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Quigley ◽  
Stefania Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Childhood Aggression ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Maternal Reports

This research uses a longitudinal design to examine aggression and prosocial behaviour as early predictors of substance use behaviours in emerging adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), self- and maternal reports of early engagement in relationally and physically aggressive behaviours and prosocial behaviours are examined as predictors of cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and alcohol use in emerging adulthood. Using multinomial regression analyses we found that maternal reports of relational aggression significantly predicted daily smoking whereas self-reports did not. Maternal reports of relational and physical aggression did not predict alcohol use and marijuana use; however, self-reports of relational aggression and prosocial behaviour predicted weekly marijuana use in this representative Canadian sample.

scholarly journals Motives for Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Use and Problem Use Among Young Adult College Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-377
Author(s):  
Akilah Patterson ◽  
Milkie Vu ◽  
Regine Haardörfer ◽  
Michael Windle ◽  
Carla J. Berg
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Problem Alcohol Use ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
Problem Alcohol

This study examined (a) differences between alcohol-only users and alcohol–marijuana co-users and (b) motives for use in relation to alcohol and marijuana use and problem use. Spring 2016 data among 1,870 past 4-month alcohol users (63.6% female, 69.1% White) from seven Georgia colleges/universities were analyzed cross-sectionally and with regard to problem use measured 4 months later. Correlates of co-use ( n = 345; vs. alcohol-only use, n = 1,525) included greater alcohol and marijuana use frequency, problem drinking and marijuana use, and alcohol use motives ( p’s < .05). Controlling for covariates, alcohol use frequency correlated with greater marijuana use frequency and Coping and Self-enhancement alcohol use motives, but lower Conformity alcohol use motives ( p’s < .001); greater Coping and Self-enhancement alcohol use motives ( p’s < .01) predicted problem alcohol use. Marijuana use frequency correlated with greater Coping and Expansion marijuana use motives ( p’s < .05); greater Expansion marijuana use motives ( p = .005) predicted problem marijuana use. College-based substance use interventions should target Coping and Self-enhancement alcohol use motives and Expansion marijuana use motives.

scholarly journals The epigenetic modulation of alcohol/ethanol and cannabis exposure/co-exposure during different stages

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 180115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasminah Elsaadany Dobs ◽  
Mohamed Medhat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Clin Psychiatry ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Epidemiologic Survey ◽  
The Usa

Studies have reported the significant economic impact of smoking cannabis and drinking alcohol In the USA. It was estimated that the costs of cannabis-related treatment, hospitalization and loss of work-related pay have amounted to $200 billion. (Andersen AM, Dogan MV, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. 2015 Genes 6 , 991–1022. ( doi:10.3390/genes6040991 )). Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions showed that individuals with general anxiety disorder and substance use disorder (GAD-SUD) have higher psychiatric comorbidity rates than those without substance use disorder (Alegría AA, Hasin DS, Nunes EV, Liu SM, Davies C, Grant BF, Blanco C. 2010 J. Clin. Psychiatry 71, 1187–1195. ( doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05328gry )). Moreover, the criminal justice system is significantly impacted by this cost (Andersen AM, Dogan MV, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. 2015 Genes 6 , 991–1022. ( doi:10.3390/genes6040991 )). Despite the increasing use of cannabis, there are still too many obscure facts. One of the new areas that scientific evidence shows is impacted negatively by cannabis use is the epigenome, which is an understudied area that we are still learning about. In addition, over the past few decades, we have seen various social and healthcare changes that have raised critical questions about their ongoing roles in regulating marijuana and alcohol use. This is important because of the increasing popularity and usage across various ages especially young adults and teenagers. More than 97.5 million Americans over 12 years old have used cannabis for non-medical use despite the significant side effects, with 1 in 10 users developing cannabis dependence (Crean RD, Crane NA, Mason BJ. 2011 J. Addict. Med. 5, 1–8. ( doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa ), Office of Applied Studies. 2006 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, USA.). It was reported that 16% of substance abuse admissions in the USA were for cannabis-related symptoms, which is second only to alcohol-related disorders (Agalioti T, Lomvardas S, Parekh B, Yie J, Maniatis T, Thanos D. 2000 Cell 103, 667–678. ( doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00169-0 ), Soutoglou E, Talianidis I. 2002 Science 295, 1901–1904. ( doi:10.1126/science.1068356 )). Today there are thirty-one states and the District of Columbia that currently have legalized marijuana for either medical or recreational use. Data about marijuana use from NIAAA's National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) indicates that ‘in total, 79 000 people were interviewed on alcohol and drug use. When examined by age young adults (ages 18–21) were found to be at highest risk for marijuana use and marijuana use disorder, with use increasing from 10.5 to 21.2% and disorder increasing from 4.4 to 7.5%’. ‘Given these facts, George Koob, PhD, director of NIAAA stated the importance for the scientific community to convey this information to the public about the potential hazards of marijuana and it's use’. On the other hand, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 16 million adults suffer from alcohol use disorders. To the best of our knowledge, epigenetic mechanisms have been previously studied in alcohol and cannabis abuse separately. Recent studies highlighted the molecular mechanisms that are linked with drug-induced transcriptional regulation, behavioural abnormalities and neurodegeneration, which has emphasized the role of chromatin modification/remodelling in the generation of drug activation of certain genes and the disabling of others, and the effect of that on addiction (Maze I, Nestler EJ. 2011 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216, 99–113. ( doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05893.x ); Renthal W, Nestler EJ. 2008 Trends Mol. Med . 14, 341–350. ( doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.004 )). In this review, we will give an overview of epigenome science relevant to cannabis/the endocannabinoid system and the potential of epigenetic overlap between alcohol and cannabinergic activity at different stages, to aid further investigations that could bring more treatment options to our horizon.

scholarly journals Effects of mental health and substance use disorder symptoms on the association between STDs and sexual identity: evidence from the 2017–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Adzrago ◽  
Samuel H. Nyarko ◽  
Nnenna Ananaba ◽  
Christine Markham
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background Sexually transmitted disease (STD) cases are rising in the USA, especially among sexual and gender minorities, despite the availability of numerous STD prevention programs. We examined the differences in STD prevalence among sexual and gender minority subgroups with major depressive episode symptoms and substance use dependence. Methods We combined 2017, 2018, and 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) public-use data on adults (N = 127,584) to conduct weighted multivariable logistic regression and margins analyses. Results Approximately 2.05% of the population reported having STDs. The population that had major depressive episode symptoms (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.46, 1.99), alcohol use dependence (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.49, 2.16), illicit drug use other than marijuana use dependence (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.73, 2.92), or marijuana use dependence (AOR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.57, 2.31) had higher odds of contracting STDs compared to their counterparts. Lesbian/gay (AOR = 2.81, 95% CI = 2.24, 3.54) and bisexual (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.60, 2.37) individuals had higher odds of contracting STDs. Lesbians/gays with major depressive episode symptoms, alcohol use dependence, or illicit drug use other than marijuana use dependence had the highest probability of having STDs, compared to bisexuals and heterosexuals with major depressive episode symptoms, alcohol use, or illicit drug use other than marijuana use dependence. Bisexuals with marijuana use dependence had the highest probability of STD contraction compared to their lesbian/gay and heterosexual counterparts. Within each sexual identity subgroup, the probability of having STDs was higher for individuals with major depressive episode symptoms, or dependence on alcohol use, illicit drug use other than marijuana use, or marijuana use compared to their counterparts. Conclusion Major depressive episode symptoms, substance use dependence, and sexual and gender minority status had higher risks for STD diagnosis, particularly for sexual and gender minorities with major depressive episode symptoms or substance use dependence. Tailored interventions based on major depressive episode symptoms and substance use dependence may reduce the prevalence of STD, especially among sexual and gender minorities.

Polydrug Use and Dating Violence Among Emerging Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093442
Author(s):  
Hye Jeong Choi ◽  
Hannah Grigorian ◽  
Alisa Garner ◽  
Gregory L. Stuart ◽  
Jeff. R. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Heavy Alcohol ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Polysubstance Use

We examined sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors that moderate the (poly) substance use and dating violence victimization and perpetration relationship among emerging adults. Using an ethnically diverse sample ( N = 698), we used latent class analyses to identify mutually exclusive groups based on monthly and past-year substance use. We then examined these groups as they relate to dating violence victimization and perpetration and the moderating effect of various risk factors. Five classes were identified based on substance use patterns: (a) Regular Alcohol use, (b) Polysubstance use, (c) Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana use, (d) Mild Alcohol use, and (e) Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana use classes. Participants in the Polysubstance use class were the most likely to perpetrate dating violence followed by Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana use, Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana use, Regular Alcohol, and Mild Alcohol use classes. Similarly, participants in the Polysubstance use class were the most likely to be victims of dating violence followed by Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana, Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana, Regular Alcohol, and Mild Alcohol use classes. Depending on substance use class, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, history of dating violence, and trauma symptoms differentially influenced dating violence perpetration and victimization at 1-year follow-up. Our findings support the need to comprehensively address dating violence among emerging adults. Intimate partner violence prevention and intervention programs may benefit from targeting emerging adults who misuse substances and incorporating substance use interventions into dating violence prevention efforts.

Intentions to Use Violence Among Young Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1108
Author(s):  
Robert H. DuRant ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Elizabeth Goodman ◽  
Elizabeth R. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Cocaine Use

Objective. Frequent violent behavior among adolescents has been found to be associated with previous exposure to violence, personal victimization, depression, hopelessness, and older age. Although young adolescents engage in less severe violent behavior than older adolescents, their perceived normative expectations to use violence to resolve conflicts may already be established by early adolescence. This study examined the influence of exposure to violence, depression, church attendance, multiple drug use, and demographic variables on young adolescents' intentions to use violence to resolve conflict. Methods. Young adolescents (N = 225, males = 49.4%, black = 88.7%, mean age = 12.9 ± 1 years) in two middle schools serving low-income and working-class communities were administered a previously tested anonymous questionnaire. They were also asked how they would resolve conflict in 15 different hypothetical situations. Each situation had 10 possible responses ranging from humor or avoidance to severe violence (eg, use of a gun). The Intentions to Use Violence in Hypothetical Situations Scale had a high internal reliability (α = .88) and was correlated (r = .46) at the expected level for this age group with a standardized use of violence and weapon-carrying scale. Results. The Intentions to Use Violence in Hypothetical Situations Scale was significantly correlated with age (r = .17), school grade (r = .14), lower church attendance (r = -.23), frequency of smoking (r = .24), alcohol use (r = .37), marijuana use (r = .36), crack cocaine use (r = .14), smokeless tobacco use (r = .20), injecting drug use (r = .16), depression (r = .12), and exposure to violence (r = .48). Based on multiple regression analysis, exposure to violence, marijuana use, frequency of church attendance, alcohol use, cocaine use, and tobacco use accounted for 36.6% of the variation in the Intentions to Use Violence in Hypothetical Situations Scale. Conclusion. Although the intention to use violence was associated with previous exposure to violence and current drug use, adolescents who attended religious services more often were less likely to report that they would use violence to resolve interpersonal conflict.

scholarly journals Tobacco Use Trajectories in Young Adults: Analyses of Predictors Across Systems Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2075-2084
Author(s):  
Carla J Berg ◽  
Regine Haardörfer ◽  
Angela Lanier ◽  
Donyale Childs ◽  
Bruce Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Adult College Students ◽  
College Type

Abstract Introduction Research is needed to examine trajectories of tobacco use beyond cigarette smoking, particularly during emerging middle young adulthood, and to identify distinct multilevel influences of use trajectories. Aims and Methods We examined (1) tobacco use trajectories over a 2-year period among 2592 young adult college students in a longitudinal cohort study and (2) predictors of these trajectories using variables from a socioecological framework, including intrapersonal-level factors (eg, sociodemographics, psychosocial factors [eg, adverse childhood experiences, depressive symptoms, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms], early-onset substance use), interpersonal factors (eg, social support, parental substance use), and community-level factors (eg, college type, rural vs. urban). Results About 64.5% were female and 65.0% were white. From age 18 to 26, 27%–31% of participants reported past 30-day use of any tobacco product. We identified four trajectory classes: Abstainers/Dabblers who never or infrequently used (89.2%); Adult users who began using frequently around age 20 and continued thereafter (5.9%); College Smokers who began using before 19 but ceased use around 25 (2.5%); and Teenage users who used during their teenage years but ceased use by 22 (1.9%). Multinomial regression showed that, compared to Abstainers/Dabblers, significant predictors (p &lt; .05) of being (1) Adult users included being male, earlier onset marijuana use, attending public universities or technical colleges (vs. private universities), and living in urban areas; (2) College users included being male, earlier onset marijuana use, and parental alcohol or marijuana use; and (3) Teenage users included only earlier onset marijuana use. Conclusion Distinct prevention and intervention efforts may be needed to address the trajectories identified. Implications Among young adult college students, the largest proportion of tobacco users demonstrate the risk of continued and/or progression of tobacco use beyond college. In addition, specific factors, particularly sex, earlier onset marijuana use, parental use of alcohol and marijuana, and contextual factors such as college setting (type of school, rural vs. urban) may influence tobacco use outcomes. As such, prevention and cessation intervention strategies are needed to address multilevel influences.

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