Slaving Practices in the Early Greek World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans van Wees
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Debt Bondage ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Greek World

The Greek world contained many slave societies from the beginning of the archaic age. By the time of Homer and Hesiod, ownership of numerous non-Greek slaves was an integral part of elite status. Despite earlier views to the contrary, imported ‘barbarian’ slaves did not replace an older spectrum of ‘dependent’ native Greek workers but if anything preceded the forms of slavery imposed on indigenous populations. Debt-bondage emerged only in the late seventh century. This may also have been when so-called ‘helotic’ slaveries were extended across Messenia, Thessaly, and Crete, and when they were imposed on the native peoples of Syracuse and Byzantium. The latter part of the archaic age saw larger-scale employment of imported slaves in regions that began to specialize in labour-intensive forms of agriculture such as viticulture, but the basic patterns and practices of slave-owning emerged at the start of the archaic age and remained the same throughout.

3. Material clues

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Barbara Graziosi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Original Audience ◽  
Greek World

‘Material clues’ considers the archaeological evidence for when the Iliad and Odyssey were composed, including Heinrich Schliemann’s quest to find Troy on the basis of clues in the texts. The Iliad and the Odyssey refer to material circumstances not found before the later eighth or early seventh century BCE. They describe a distant, mythical past, but are set in a real and recognisable landscape. No interpretation leads to a single original audience, historical context, or specific political agenda, but earliest quotations from, and references to, Homer in other poets’ work prove that by the late sixth century BCE, the poems were well known throughout the Greek world.

History of the Hudson's Bay Company salmon fisheries in the Ungava Bay region

Polar Record ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (113) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Power
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The North ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
Unbiased Manner ◽  
History Of

Today the north is no longer remote and insulated from the demands of modern society, and northern Quebec is no exception. Principal threats to the environment come from mining, pipeline construction and hydro-electric developments. In the negotiations that are going on today between the native peoples, who are trying to protect what is left of their culture, and the developers from the south, there is a large divergence of opinion about what is important. When the native peoples are asked to document their use of natural resources in the courts they find themselves at a great disadvantage due to the lack of written history about their activities. The value of renewable natural resources that have sustained indigenous populations for thousands of years is difficult to quantify and can easily be made to look insignificant in comparison to the often exaggerated benefits of development proposals. For this reason it is important to make available whatever factual information there is and to present it in an unbiased manner.

Indigenous Policy and Politics in Twentieth-Century Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth W. Garfield
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
Indigenous Policy

Over the course of the 20th century, Brazil’s Indigenous population underwent dramatic change. Frontier expansion, agricultural modernization, and natural resource extraction led to the invasion of Indigenous lands and interethnic conflict. Indigenous peoples that had once secured refuge through territorial dominion were besieged by settlers and epidemic disease. Communities with longer histories of integration confronted expulsion, social marginalization, and bigotry. Dominant ideologies tended to dichotomize Indigenous peoples as cultural isolates or degenerates. The Brazilian state played a key role in the social transformation of the countryside through the expansion of transportation infrastructure, the subsidization of large-scale agriculture, and the promotion of mineral extraction and hydroelectric power. Upholding developmentalism as an economic and geopolitical imperative, the Brazilian state sought to mediate ensuing social conflicts. The Indigenous Affairs bureau aspired to conciliate interethnic tension through adoption of a protectionist policy and “tutelage” of Native peoples, yet full-fledged Indigenous acculturation, deemed indispensable for nation-building and market integration, remained the endgame. Confronting the onslaught on their lifeways, Indigenous peoples mobilized in defense of their communities. With the support of domestic and foreign allies, Native peoples in Brazil made significant advances in demographic recovery, political organization, and legal recognition of their lands and cultures. Nevertheless, the Indigenous populations of Brazil continue to struggle against land invasion and poverty, violence, social prejudice, and challenges to their constitutional rights. The history of Indigenous policy and politics in 20th-century Brazil reflects not only a minority population’s fight for cultural survival and social inclusion but a battle over the soul of a nation.

INTERPRETING ROPE CHANNELS: LIFTING, SETTING AND THE BIRTH OF GREEK MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 167-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Pierattini
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Peculiar Feature ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Greek Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greek World

The first stone ashlar blocks of Greek architecture, those of the mid-seventh-century temples at Isthmia and Corinth, pose a problem for understanding the beginnings of Greek stone construction.1Their peculiar feature is the presence of grooves plausibly explained as a way to move the blocks with ropes. Yet scholars disagree about how these ropes would have been used, and during what stage of construction. The first excavators of the two temples suggested that the ropes would have served to lift each block into place, and were subsequently extracted from the grooves once the block had been set against its neighbour. Later scholars dismissed this theory as both inconsistent with the evidence and technically impracticable, questioning whether lifting machines were used in Greek construction as early as the mid-seventh century. Currently, the widely accepted view holds that the crane appeared in the Greek world only in the late sixth century. An alternative hypothesis is that the grooves were cut early in the construction process so that ropes could be used to manoeuvre the blocks within the quarry. However, the ‘lifting’ theory continues to have its adherents. Clarifying the significance of these parallel grooves is thus a matter of some importance to the history of Greek construction. This article reassesses the alternative theses on the basis of a new examination of the evidence, and demonstrates that the idea that the grooves served for lifting is the most plausible. Furthermore, it argues that forerunners of the crane appeared in Greece well before the late sixth century. Finally, by examining how the blocks would have been manoeuvred into place after lifting, it contends that the grooves also served the purpose of placement, with a method anticipating the Classical period's sophisticated lever technique.

Some ancient coins of Libya

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
G. K. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
Vegetable Food ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Strong Point ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Continuous Range

The ancient coinage of Libya comprises two quite distinct aspects. Firstly, in Cyrenaica there is the group of Dorian Greek cities first founded by colonists from Thera in the seventh century B.C., and of these cities we have a fairly continuous range of coins down to Roman times. Secondly, there is the group of Phoenician cities in Tripolitania, whose local coinage has a much more restricted span, covering only the late Roman republic and early empire.The Cyrenaic coins, like those of most other regions of the Greek world, have a distinctive local character of their own. Among the representations found on these coins we may mention first examples of the flora and fauna of the country including the scorpion, the chameleon, the jerboa, the gazelle. But most typical of all is the silphium plant. This was an umbelliferous plant originally growing wild in Cyrenaica. In early times it formed one of the chief sources of wealth but by the Roman period was becoming extinct, perhaps due to over - exploitation — it has been noted that the plant is depicted less regularly and less realistically on coins even during Hellenistic times. Its nearest modern parallel is considered to be asafoetida, in particular the variety known as Ferula narthex found in Afghanistan. The silphium was valuable for its juice, extracted by an incision of the stem, and was used both medicinally and as a condiment, while the stalk provided vegetable food both for human and animal use. The plant which we see on the coins is depicted with greater or lesser realism showing in detail the leaves with their typical sheath - like bases and the umbels springing outwards; the stem is shown as thick as a tree trunk. But its size is difficult to estimate, and here the coins are not entirely helpful, as sometimes a gazelle is shown lying in front of a tree - sized plant, on others a gazelle seems to peer down at a small bush. But relative scale is not always a strong point with coin designers. In addition to the whole plant as normally shown, separate parts of it are also depicted, especially the heart - shaped fruit. The silphium and its export may during the time of the Battiad dynasty have been a royal monopoly. It used to be thought that on the famous Arkesilas vase we had a picture of the king supervising the weighing and storage of silphium, though more recent opinion favours the view that the commodity in question is bags of wool.

scholarly journals Logical and illogical exegeses of hydrometeorological phenomena in ancient Greece

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Koutsoyiannis ◽  
N. Mamassi ◽  
A. Tegos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Evaporation And Condensation ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Greek World

Technological applications aiming at the exploitation of the natural sources appear in all ancient civilizations. The unique phenomenon in the ancient Greek civilization is that technological needs triggered physical explanations of natural phenomena, thus enabling the foundation of philosophy and science. Among these, the study of hydrometeorological phenomena had a major role. This study begins with the Ionian philosophers in the seventh century BC, continues in classical Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, and advances and expands through the entire Greek world up to the end of Hellenistic period. Many of the theories developed by ancient Greeks are erroneous according to modern views. However, many elements in Greek exegeses of hydrometeorological processes, such as evaporation and condensation of vapour, creation of clouds, hail, snow and rainfall, and evolution of hydrological cycle, are impressive even today.

Reliability of MTurk Data From Masters and Workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Steven V. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Approval Ratings ◽  
Cognitive Abilities Test ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Master Status ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Abstract. Previous research has supported the use of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) for online data collection in individual differences research. Although MTurk Masters have reached an elite status because of strong approval ratings on previous tasks (and therefore gain higher payment for their work) no research has empirically examined whether researchers actually obtain higher quality data when they require that their MTurk Workers have Master status. In two different online survey studies (one using a personality test and one using a cognitive abilities test), the psychometric reliability of MTurk data was compared between a sample that required a Master qualification type and a sample that placed no status-level qualification requirement. In both studies, the Master samples failed to outperform the standard samples.

JOHN BISHOP OF NIKIOU’S CHRONICON (SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.): AN INDISPENSABLE SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF THE ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT AND ITS AFTERMATH*

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 748-768
Author(s):  
V. Christides
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Local People ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Coptic Church

John, Bishop of Nikiou’s Chronicon is the oldest preserved work dealing with the Arab conquest of Egypt (639 A.D./H. 18–645 A.D./H. 25) and its initial aftermath. This little known author, who lived in Egypt in the seventh century, was a high official in the Coptic Church. His accurate depiction of all the relevant historical events, based mainly on his own remarkable observations, proves him to be a simple but well–balanced historian. My article focuses on three aspects of the Chronicon: (a) landholding under the early years of Arab dominion compared to the parallel information of the Greek papyri of Apollonopolis in a special appendix; (b) the attitude of the Arab conquerors of Egypt towards its population, and the reaction of the local people as perceived by John, Bishop of Nikiou; and (c) a short account on the elusive role of the Blues and Greens during the Arab conquest of Egypt as recorded by John of Nikiou.

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