The Varying Mechanisms of Media Access: Explaining Interest Groups’ Media Visibility across Political Systems

A growing body of studies analyzes interest groups’ media visibility. Yet little is known about how the drivers of media access may vary across different interest group systems. This article focuses on two major mechanisms through which organizations can gain media visibility: media management efforts and the newsworthiness of elite actors. We hypothesize that media effort explains interest groups’ media access more strongly in competitive, pluralist interest group systems and that insider (i.e. “elite”) status does so more strongly in hierarchical, corporatist systems. We analyze surveys and media data on interest groups in the pluralist United Kingdom, the moderately corporatist Denmark, and the more strongly corporatist Finland. As hypothesized, media effort is most effective in the UK and weakest in Finland. However, we find only weak support for the insider status hypothesis: there is some evidence of the expected cross-country differences, but the effects are small and unrobust.

The ransom of high-ranking captives, tributary relationships and the practice of diplomacy in northern Syria 448-522/1050-1128

This article examines how the introduction of western European crusaders and settlers to northern Syria from 490/1097 onwards impacted upon two important mechanisms of regional diplomacy; the ransom of prominent political prisoners and tributary relationships. Discussion begins with a comparison of the capture and ransom of high-ranking captives in northern Syria between 442-522/1050-1128, where it is argued that the establishment of the crusader states led to an increase in both the rate at which prisoners of elite status were ransomed and the financial sums involved in these interactions. This is followed by a reassessment of the various peace treaties, tributary arrangements and condominia or munāṣafa agreements concluded between the rulers of Antioch and Aleppo during the late fifth/eleventh and early sixth/twelfth centuries. Ultimately, this article seeks to place key features of northern Syrian diplomacy from the early crusading period within the context of regional norms in the decades preceding the crusaders’ arrival.

“Die Empörten Weiber”: Gender, Authority and Protestant Modernism in Jeremiah 44

Because of Protestant modernism’s reconstrual of older Protestant views of inspiration around the Romantic notion of the male charismatic prophet, it unintentionally opened doors for the latent gender inequality of its misogynist cultural context when interpreting female religious activity in the prophets. Because of Protestant modernism’s inability to distinguish itself from its 19th-20th century social elite status, it can end up enabling gender stereotypes of its time and thus engage in unexamined gender bias. Vestiges at times remain in literature that assumes the non- or reduced agency of women in Israelite religion. This is a case study in one of the founders of historical-critical Jeremiah study, Sigmund Mowinckel, focusing not on Protestant modernism broadly but rather on Mowinckel’s clear expression of the modernist Protestant notion of the inspiration of sacred speech.

Princezny z Hájku. K problematice elity ve střední době bronzové

The topic of this study is the possibilities of archaeological identification of the local elite in the Bronze Age. We‘re targeting the female elite, who are characterized by a particular form of costume. In a case study of the barrow cemetery of Šťáhlavy – Hájek, we are trying to show that the elite status of women in the Bronze Age was not based on their personal qualities, but rather on their affinity with an elite family. Their social status may therefore have been hereditary. On the other hand, it turns out that certain particularities of the costume (different types of necklaces, etc.) may point to different origins of women and thus the exchange of female partners within the wider elite community.

Facilitadores en el deporte paralímpico: motivos de práctica deportiva en jugadores con discapacidad física y visual (Facilitators in Paralympic sport: motives for sports practice in players with physical and visual disabilities)

La motivación como un elemento propio de cada deportista es generadora de respuestas positivas en la práctica deportiva, por tanto, la evaluación de esta en los deportistas adaptados contribuye a generar propuestas que consideren las expectativas de los mismos. Objetivo: Identificar los motivos de la práctica deportiva en jugadores de tenis en silla de ruedas y goalball. Método: Quince deportistas: 5 de tenis en silla de ruedas y 10 de goalball, pertenecientes a diferentes clubes regionales, respondieron el Cuestionario “Participation Motivation Inventory”. Resultados: El 100% de los jugadores en tenis en silla de ruedas valoraron muy importante los ítems: “Me gusta ganar”, “Quiero estar en forma”, “Me gusta hacer ejercicio”, “Me gusta la acción”, “Me gusta la competición”, “Me gusta practicar deporte”, “Quiero estar físicamente bien”, y “Quiero alcanzar un status – elite”; mientras que en goalball fueron los ítems: “Quiero mejorar mis habilidades”, “Quiero aprender nuevas habilidades”, “Me gusta la competición”, “Me gusta practicar deporte”, “Quiero mejorar mi nivel”, “Quiero estar físicamente bien” y “Me gusta divertirme”. En ambas poblaciones los ítems: “Es por satisfacer a mis padres o amigos” y “Por influencia de los entrenadores o instructores” fueron valorados como nada importante por el 40% de los deportistas. Conclusiones: Los motivos más valorados por los jugadores de tenis en silla de ruedas y los jugadores de goalball están relacionados con el factor de superación y el factor personal respectivamente, mientras que el factor socio-deportivo es el menos importante en su motivación para la práctica deportiva. Abstract. Motivation as an element of each athlete generates positive responses in practice, therefore, its evaluation in adapted athletes contributes to generating proposals that consider their sporting expectations. Aims: To identify the motives for sports practice in wheelchair tennis and goalball players. Method: Fifteen athletes: 5 for wheelchair tennis and 10 for goalball, belonging to different clubs in the region, answered the Questionnaire “Participation Motivation Inventory”. Results: 100% of wheelchair tennis players rated the items as very important: "I like to win", "I want to be fit", "I like to exercise", "I like action", "I like the competition "," I like to practice sports "," I want to be physically well ", and" I want to achieve elite status "; while in goalball there were the items: "I want to improve my skills", "I want to learn new skills", "I like competition", "I like to practice sports", "I want to improve my level", "I want to be physically well" and "I like to have fun". In both populations the items: "It is to satisfy my parents or friends" and "Due to the influence of the coaches or instructors" were valued as not important by 40% of the athletes. Conclusions: The motives most valued by wheelchair tennis players and goalball players are related to the overcoming factor and the personal factor respectively, while the socio-sports factor is the least important in their motivation for sports practice.

A WIN-WIN MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT: HOW INDIAN ECONOMICS REDEFINED UNIVERSAL DEVELOPMENT FROM AND AT THE MARGINS, 1870–1905

In this article, I argue that looking at lesser known intellectuals can help the history of economics to uncover new ways of seeing the world. My focus is the beginnings of “Indian economics” and its conceptualization of development. The Indian economists, despite their elite status in India, were from an imperial context where they were never considered economists. Studies throughout the twentieth century continued to treat them only as nationalists, rarely as contributors to economic knowledge. My research gives agency to these economists. I show how the position of Indian economics from the margins of discursive space offered a unique perspective that enabled it to innovate at the margins of development discourse. Indian economics redefined the concept of universality in the existing nineteenth-century idea of development by rejecting the widely accepted comparative advantage model and assertion that progress originated in Europe. Moreover, the economists pushed for universal industrialization, even for imperial territories, arguing that universal progress was beneficial to all.

CKM Gene rs8111989 Polymorphism and Power Athlete Status

Multiple genetic variants are known to influence athletic performance. These include polymorphisms of the muscle-specific creatine kinase (CKM) gene, which have been associated with endurance and/or power phenotypes. However, independent replication is required to support those findings. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CKM (rs8111989, c.*800A>G) polymorphism is associated with power athlete status in professional Russian and Lithuanian competitors. Genomic DNA was collected from 693 national and international standard athletes from Russia (n = 458) and Lithuania (n = 235), and 500 healthy non-athlete subjects from Russia (n = 291) and Lithuania (n = 209). Genotyping for the CKM rs8111989 (A/G) polymorphism was performed using PCR or micro-array analysis. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between all athletes and non-athletes, and between non-athletes and athletes, segregated according to population and sporting discipline (from anaerobic-type events). No statistically significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies were observed between non-athletes and power athletes (strength-, sprint- and speed/strength-oriented) athletes. The present study reports the non-association of the CKM rs8111989 with elite status in athletes from sports in which anaerobic energy pathways determine success.

Old Cups Die Hard: The Appropriation of Athenian Pottery in the Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian archaeological record is particularly rich in asynchronous (i.e. chronologically mixed) assemblages including Athenian pots that predate the other items by a couple of decades or even a few centuries. Recent scholarship on keimëlia, or ‘curated objects’ in modern parlance, has shown the potential of such objects to investigate questions of identity, agency and history-making among the receiving communities, but also to shed light on the role of Athenian pottery among them. This article analyses this phenomenon within the Iberian peninsula, focusing on drinking cups, both black-gloss with inset lip (Cástulo cups) and red-figure type B cups. Using case studies from necropoleis and settlements of the southeast and east of the peninsula, the article explores the reasons and meaning of this consumption practice. It is argued that the occurrence of ‘heirloom’ vases in Iberian tombs and their extraordinary survival in some settlements is the result of a conscious and deliberate choice indicating the existence of mechanisms of social distinction based on a diacritical use of material culture. It is further argued that different motivations might lie behind their delayed deposition: when the chronological gap between production and disposal dates is small, one or two human generations, curated Athenian vases worked similarly to non-curated ones, being emblematic of economic success, social affiliations and political rank. But when the interval is longer, Athenian pots became symbols of ancestry and elite status, possibly acquiring the same legitimizing role earlier bestowed upon Orientalizing artefacts. Supplementary material is available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075426921000094) and comprises a catalogue of case-study objects.

Patterns of Politics in Ancient Greek Athletics

Greek athletics were of high political significance in view of their place in religion and communal festivals. This is reviewed in terms of votive offerings; the status of a group, a ruler, or an individual within a community; interstate rivalries, colonization and state formation; elite status, kudos, and political capital, especially in chariot-racing. The examples of Cleisthenes of Sikyon and the Alcmaeonids of Athens, among others, are discussed. The rivalry of Athens and Sparta in athletics and chariot events is also examined, e.g. the cases of the Spartans Lichas, Cynisca, and Agesilaus, and the Athenian Alcibiades. The participation of ‘peripheral’ Greek cities (Italy, Sicily, Cyrene) in Panhellenic games bolstered their Greek identity and served their rulers too. Macedonian rulers, e.g. Alexander I, Philip II and Alexander the Great, notably took part in Greek games for the fifth century on, and so asserted their Greek identity and their domain. The Panathenaic Games served political aims not only for Athenian elite, but also for Ptolemies and Macedonians.

Slaving Practices in the Early Greek World

The Greek world contained many slave societies from the beginning of the archaic age. By the time of Homer and Hesiod, ownership of numerous non-Greek slaves was an integral part of elite status. Despite earlier views to the contrary, imported ‘barbarian’ slaves did not replace an older spectrum of ‘dependent’ native Greek workers but if anything preceded the forms of slavery imposed on indigenous populations. Debt-bondage emerged only in the late seventh century. This may also have been when so-called ‘helotic’ slaveries were extended across Messenia, Thessaly, and Crete, and when they were imposed on the native peoples of Syracuse and Byzantium. The latter part of the archaic age saw larger-scale employment of imported slaves in regions that began to specialize in labour-intensive forms of agriculture such as viticulture, but the basic patterns and practices of slave-owning emerged at the start of the archaic age and remained the same throughout.