LEPROSY CASE DETECTION RATES BY AGE, SEX, AND POLAR TYPE UNDER LEPROSY CONTROL CONDITIONS

1985 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN L. DE VRIES ◽  
BARBARA H. PERRY
Keyword(s):  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Leprosy Case ◽  
Polar Type ◽  
Leprosy Control

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and temporal trends of leprosy in Uganda, 2012–2016: a retrospective analysis of public health surveillance data

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda Loy Aceng ◽  
Herman-Joseph Kawuma ◽  
Robert Majwala ◽  
Maureen Lamunu ◽  
Alex Riolexus Ario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Leprosy Case

Abstract Background Leprosy is a neglected disease that poses a significant challenge to public health in Uganda. The disease is endemic in Uganda, with 40% of the districts in the country affected in 2016, when 42 out of 112 districts notified the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program (NTLP) of at least one case of leprosy. We determined the spatial and temporal trends of leprosy in Uganda during 2012–2016 to inform control measures. Methods We analyzed quarterly leprosy case-finding data, reported from districts to the Uganda National Leprosy Surveillance system (managed by NTLP) during 2012–2016. We calculated new case detection by reporting district and administrative regions of treatment during this period. New case detection was defined as new leprosy cases diagnosed by the Uganda health services divided by regional population; population estimates were based on 2014 census data. We used logistic regression analysis in Epi-Info version 7.2.0 to determine temporal trends. Population estimates were based on 2014 census data. We used QGIS software to draw choropleth maps showing leprosy case detection rates, assumed to approximate the new case detection rates, per 100,000 population. Results During 2012–2016, there was 7% annual decrease in reported leprosy cases in Uganda each year (p = 0.0001), largely driven by declines in the eastern (14%/year, p = 0.0008) and central (11%/year, p = 0.03) regions. Declines in reported cases in the western (9%/year, p = 0.12) and northern (4%/year, p = 0.16) regions were not significant. The combined new case detection rates from 2012 to 2016 for the ten most-affected districts showed that 70% were from the northern region, 20% from the eastern, 10% from the western and 10% from the central regions. Conclusion There was a decreasing trend in leprosy new case detection in Uganda during 2012–2016; however, the declining trends were not consistent in all regions. The Northern region consistently identified more leprosy cases compared to the other regions. We recommend evaluation of the leprosy surveillance system to ascertain the leprosy situation.

scholarly journals Trends in leprosy case detection in Rwanda, 1995–2011: analysis of 17 years of laboratory data

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent Uwimana ◽  
Nestor Bizimungu ◽  
Fabrice Ingabire ◽  
Elyse Mukamukwiye ◽  
Odette Sharangabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Leprosy Case ◽  
Early Case

Background: Leprosy, or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic, infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It remains one of the leading causes of deformity and physical disability.Objective: We analysed laboratory records to assess trends in prevalence rates and case detection rates (CDRs) in Rwanda. Methods: A retrospective review of detected leprosy cases from the records of the Rwanda National Reference Laboratory over a 17-year period (1995–2011) was conducted. Skin biopsy samples were analysed microscopically using Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique to identify M. leprae.Results: Cumulatively, 266 suspected cases were reported between 1995 and 2011. Of the suspected cases, 77 (28.9%) were laboratory confirmed as having leprosy. Among detected cases, 59 (76.6%) were men and 18 (23.4%) women. The male:female ratio was 3:1. There were 77 registered leprosy cases over the 17-year period of the study, and the prevalence rate was 0.005 per 10 000 population. A gradual decrease in the prevalence rate was observed from 0.015 per 10 000 population in 2003 to 0.003 per 10 000 population in 2010. From 1995 to 2011, the CDR did not exceed one per 10 000 population.Conclusion: This laboratory review demonstrates a declining trend in prevalence rates and CDR during the period of the study. Early case detection and a sustainable leprosy control programme remain the cornerstones of reducing the physical and socio-economic burden of leprosy in Rwanda.

Leprosy case detection campaign (LCDC) for active surveillance

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pugazhenthan Thangaraju ◽  
Sajitha Venkatesan ◽  
MK Showkath Ali
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Leprosy Case

scholarly journals Active case detection methods for crusted scabies and leprosy: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009577
Author(s):  
Miriam Glennie ◽  
Karen Gardner ◽  
Michelle Dowden ◽  
Bart J. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Community Screening ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Active Case Detection ◽  
Active Case ◽  
Crusted Scabies

Background Crusted scabies is endemic in some remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia and carries a high mortality risk. Improvement in active case detection (ACD) for crusted scabies is hampered by a lack of evidence about best practice. We therefore conducted a systematic review of ACD methods for leprosy, a condition with similar ACD requirements, to consider how findings could be informative to crusted scabies detection. Methods and principle findings We conducted systematic searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews for studies published since 1999 that reported at least one comparison rate (detection or prevalence rate) against which the yield of the ACD method could be assessed. The search yielded 15 eligible studies from 511. Study heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Contact tracing and community screening of marginalised ethnic groups yielded the highest new case detection rates. Rapid community screening campaigns, and those using less experienced screening personnel, were associated with lower suspect confirmation rates. There is insufficient data to assess whether ACD campaigns improve treatment outcomes or disease control. Conclusion This review demonstrates the importance of ACD campaigns in communities facing the highest barriers to healthcare access and within neighbourhoods of index cases. The potential benefit of ACD for crusted scabies is not quantified, however, lessons from leprosy suggest value in follow-up with previously identified cases and their close contacts to support for scabies control and to reduce the likelihood of reinfection in the crusted scabies case. Skilled screening personnel and appropriate community engagement strategies are needed to maximise screening uptake. More research is needed to assess ACD cost effectiveness, impact on disease control, and to explore ACD methods capable of capturing the homeless and highly mobile who may be missed in household centric models.

scholarly journals Spatial patterns of leprosy in a hyperendemic state in Northern Brazil, 2001-2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Dias Monteiro ◽  
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo ◽  
Aline Lima Brito ◽  
Carlos Henrique Alencar ◽  
Jorg Heukelbach
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Case Detection Rate ◽  
Brazilian State

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the spatial patterns of leprosy in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. METHODS This study was based on morbidity data obtained from the Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN – Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System), of the Ministry of Health. All new leprosy cases in individuals residing in the state of Tocantins, between 2001 and 2012, were included. In addition to the description of general disease indicators, a descriptive spatial analysis, empirical Bayesian analysis and spatial dependence analysis were performed by means of global and local Moran’s indexes. RESULTS A total of 14,542 new cases were recorded during the period under study. Based on the annual case detection rate, 77.0% of the municipalities were classified as hyperendemic (> 40 cases/100,000 inhabitants). Regarding the annual case detection rate in < 15 years-olds, 65.4% of the municipalities were hyperendemic (10.0 to 19.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants); 26.6% had a detection rate of grade 2 disability cases between 5.0 and 9.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants. There was a geographical overlap of clusters of municipalities with high detection rates in hyperendemic areas. Clusters with high disease risk (global Moran’s index: 0.51; p < 0.001), ongoing transmission (0.47; p < 0.001) and late diagnosis (0.44; p < 0.001) were identified mainly in the central-north and southwestern regions of Tocantins. CONCLUSIONS We identified high-risk clusters for transmission and late diagnosis of leprosy in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. Surveillance and control measures should be prioritized in these high-risk municipalities.

scholarly journals Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) programme: study protocol for evaluating the feasibility and impact on case detection rates of contact tracing and single dose rifampicin

BMJ Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e013633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Barth-Jaeggi ◽  
Peter Steinmann ◽  
Liesbeth Mieras ◽  
Wim van Brakel ◽  
Jan Hendrik Richardus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Study Protocol ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Three Leprosy Case Detection Methods in Northern Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. e1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ezenduka ◽  
Erik Post ◽  
Steven John ◽  
Abdulkarim Suraj ◽  
Abdulahi Namadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Leprosy Case

CASE DETECTION AND DIRECT OBSERVATION THERAPY STRATEGY (DOTS) IN NIGERIA: ITS EFFECT ON TB DYNAMICS

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL OKUONGHAE ◽  
VINCENT AIHIE
Keyword(s):  
Stable Disease ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Backward Bifurcation ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Therapy Strategy ◽  
Disease Free

This paper addresses the synergy between case detection and the implementation of DOTS in Nigeria in the control of tuberculosis using a deterministic model which incorporates many of the essential biological and epidemiological features of TB as well as DOTS surveillance and implementation parameters for Nigeria. The model differentiated between individuals who progress to the "primary" latent stage when they got infected for the first time and those who progress to the "secondary" latent class depending on whether they failed treatment or due to self-cure. The model was shown to have a locally asymptotically stable disease free equilibrium where the reproduction number was less than unity. However, it was also shown that the model is capable of exhibiting the backward bifurcation phenomenon, where the stable disease free equilibrium co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium where the reproduction number is less than unity. We saw that increasing the case detection parameter actually reduces the backward bifurcation range. For smaller exogenous re-infection values, increasing the case detection parameter could totally eliminate the bifurcation range. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis using the Latin hypercube sampling technique was also carried out on the parameters as well as the reproduction number and the results showed that there were three parameters that were highly influential in determining the magnitude of the reproduction number; of the three, only one, the case detection parameter, was highly influential in reducing the magnitude of the reproduction number. Results from the numerical simulation and qualitative analysis showed that DOTS expansion in Nigeria must include significant increase in case detection rates, otherwise the impressive cure rates under DOTS will pale into insignificance with the rise in the number of undetected infectious persons and the number of "secondary" latent cases. Overall, the study shows that increasing the case detection rate will not only lower the backward bifurcation range, in the presence of exogenous re-infection, but could also lower the reproduction number, reducing the severity of the TB epidemic. This is possible as far as the current impressive treatment success rates under DOTS in Nigeria is sustained.

scholarly journals DAPSONE RESISTANCE IN A Mycobacterium leprae ISOLATE WITH TWO POINT MUTATIONS IN folP GENE FROM A LEPROSY PATIENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Dinar Ardiaty ◽  
Ratna Wahyuni ◽  
Cita Prakoeswa ◽  
Rasyidin Abdullah ◽  
Indropo Agusni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Leprosy Case ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Leprosy Control

Drug resistance in leprosy is important for Leprosy Control Program, since the WHO-Multidrug regiment (MDT) has been used for global treatment of leprosy for more than two decades already. A Dapsone resistance case in a Multibacillary (MB) leprosy case is reported. The patient was diagnosed and treated in Tajuddin Chalid Hospital Makassar, South Sulawesi. Previously he was treated in a health center at South Sulawesi and was given a treatment for one year, before referred to the hospital. The leprosy skin lesions are still active with erythematous skin lesions and thickened ear lobe. Bacteriological examination was positive for Acid Fast Bacilli, the Bacterial Index was 3+ and the Morphological Index was 1%. The specimens of M.leprae isolation was sent to the Institute of Tropical Disease Surabaya for drug resistance study. Using the Lp1-2 and Lp3-4 nested primers, PCR test was positive for M.leprae.Sequencing result for folP gene showed a double mutation at codon 53 (ACC / Threonin ) which become (AGG / Arginine). Simultaneous mutation at two nucleotides at one codon has never been reported in Indonesia before and this phenomenon is important for leprosy control policy.

scholarly journals Trends in leprosy case detection worldwide since 1985

2004 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Meima ◽  
Jan H. Richardus ◽  
J. Dik F. Habbema
Keyword(s):  
Case Detection ◽  
Leprosy Case
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